Essay on An Analysis of a Woman’s Manhood in A Doll’s House

In society, an ideal man is perceived as the bread winner who guides his family to victory or survival; his wife on the other hand stands by his side to see the family part. The qualities of a man consist of great character to the action he takes for his family to achieve greatness. On the other hand women’s qualities are ordinary gentile, caring, and meant to endure through everything to protect the ones they love. Although these two qualities pose a contradiction, this does not mean the traits of a man and a woman could not ever intertwine. Men are considered to be the dominate species until Henrik Ibsen’s 1879 play A Doll’s House challenges the power that men think they are entitled to have over women. Throughout the novel the†¦show more content†¦However her short time span and seriousness of the situation cause her to act quickly. Nora chooses to forge the signature made out of fear for her husband and family. In example, Harriet Tubman is kept in mind as the heroic woman who assist hundreds of slaves in finding freedom. Nora could also be seen as a life saver (to her husband) because she convinces her father to let her borrow money to go to Italy, as far as Torvald knows. Tubman led so many people to a better life through the Underground Railroad to assist runaway slaves to freedom. Just as Nora assists her husband in his time of need, she also helps her kids by insuring they have a stable childhood. This is the first step Nora takes on her journey developing into a woman with male qualities. Work Cited Amos, Valerie, and Pratibha Parmar. Feminist Review. Challenging Imperial Feminism 80 (2005): 44-63. JSTOR. Palgrave Macmillan Journals. Web. 24 Apr. 2010. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3874364?Search=yesterm=19thterm=centuryterm=marriageslist=hidesearchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D19th%2Bcentury%2Bmarriages%26wc%3Don%26dc%3DFeminist%2B%2526amp%253B%2BWomen%2527s%2BStudiesitem=19ttl=71returnArticleService=showArticle. Baron-Faust, Rita. Being Female: What Every Woman Should Know about Gynecological Health. New York: William Morrow, 1998. Print: 32, 56, 74, 118, 203 and 270.Show MoreRelatedAn Analysis of a Woman’s Manhood in A Doll’s House Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagesuntil death takes a toll. There are those who have either fulfilled their life goals or the ones who lived a passive life truly regret everything on their death beds. Growing up and maturing goes hand in hand. A master plot seen in Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House is maturation. Maturation is when the Protagonist faces a problem that is part of growing up, and from dealing with it, emerging into a state of adulthood. The protagonist Nora is developed throughout the play from an ignorant child to a strong

The legal and insurance implications of staging a concert....

Name: Steven Jackson Email: mcbsjackson@gmail.com Advanced Diploma in Event management Assessment no.4 The legal and insurance implications of staging a concert. Before staging a concert in a locality, there are some areas that need to be considered like: †¢ Organizational structure and legal status †¢ Event Ownership †¢ Contracts and agreements †¢ Licences and permission †¢ Insurance Organizational Structures There are five types of†¦show more content†¦A limited company has named directors whose financial liability is either limited by guarantee or by shares. Setting up this kind of organisation involves to comply additional costs and time in order to comply to the company law. ! Charitable Status Organisations with charitable purposes can apply for charitable status. Benefits include tax advantages and the ability to receive donations from charitable trusts. To qualify for a charitable status, the organisation need to deliver a clear educational or social benefit to the public. Event Ownership You must establish who actually owns the event and therefore has the various rights and liabilities associated with it. It must be clear if whether you have the right to enter into any contracts with third parties on behalf of the event. Sanctioning In some cases, it may be necessaryShow MoreRelatedInternal Revenue Code 1939278050 Words   |  1113 Pagesthe purpose of a more convenient and orderly arrangement of the same, and, therefore, no inference, implication or presumption of legislative construction shall be drawn or made by reason of the location or grouping of any particular section or provision or portion thereof, nor shall any outline, analysis, cross reference, or descriptive matter relating to the contents of said Title be given any legal effect. SEC. 7. EFFECT UPON SUBSEQUENT LEGISLATION.—The enactment of this act shall not repeal norRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesBusiness. His most recent books are A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool or Threat? (Garland, 1997) and UK Life Insurance: Accounting for Business Performance (with Joanne Horton) (FT Finance, 1997). He is currently working (with Dr Joanne Horton at t he LSE) on a further research project on accounting for life insurance sponsored by the PD Leake Trust, and on various historical research projects including a book (with Professor Keith Hoskin of Warwick University)Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesand health care spending boomed as economies prospered. The pharmaceutical market developed some unusual characteristics. Decision making was in the hands of medical practitioners whereas patients (the ï ¬ nal consumers) and payers (governments or insurance companies) had little knowledge or inï ¬â€šuence. As a result, medical practitioners were insensitive to price but susceptible to the efforts of sales representatives. 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That means that if they still have slaves it’s under the legal â€Å"radar.† a. The indicator is â€Å"That means† and the conclusion is that slavery in Saudi Arabia is under the legal â€Å"radar.† b. The indicator is â€Å"That means† and the conclusion is that slavery in Saudi Arabia was officially abolished in 1962. c. There is no conclusion indicator, but the conclusion is that if Saudi Arabia still has slaves, then it is under the legal â€Å"radar.† d. The indicator is â€Å"That means that if† and the conclusion

Appraising Investment Decisions and Affects of Non Financial Factors Free Essays

1. BACKGROUND The search for reliable techniques for project appraisal is an aged activity. Still it is of prime importance because the survival of a corporation is predominantly determined by its ability to revitalize itself through the allocation of capital to productive use (Arnold and Hatzopoulos, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Appraising Investment Decisions and Affects of Non Financial Factors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Inadequate use of decision tools expand the possibility of less return then the cost of capital, resulting in destruction of firm’s value (Copeland et al., 2000). A successful investment can make profits, increases market share and adds value to the firm, but on the contrary, if it is unsuccessful the firm will experience a loss. An incorrect investment decision may even lead to closure of a firm or bankruptcy. Therefore, the decision to invest or not is very crucial to any firm as it determines its future, and at the same time, this decision signifies the importance of investment evaluation techniques accordingly. Due to importance of such decision and extensive research, there is no shortage of tools and techniques to analyze an investment. Numbers of tools are available to find out the extent of profitability of an investment to help managers in making this vital decision (Akalu, 2001). The most popular techniques are the net present value, internal rate of return, return on investment, benefit/cost ratio method and payback period (Remer and Nieto 1995). Scholars and some other sources tend to emphasize discounted cash flow methods, especially NPV approach, as superior to other methods (Tatsiopoulos and Tolis, 2002; Kaplan and Atkinson, 1998; Zimmerman, 1997). However, these conventional appraisal techniques (especially DCF methods) sometimes misinform when they are improperly used, estimation of cash flows are inaccurate, rough identification of discount rate or when vital non-quantifiable aspects of projects are omitted (Kaplan, 1986; Dugdale and Jones, 1995). In literature almost all of the proposed techniques are not free from criticism. The most common and major argument made by scholars is that conventional methods of appraising investment does not give adequate information due to risk and uncertainties; and they are not even appropriate to analyze strategic investments (Bierman, 1980; Brealey et al, 1992; Cox et al, 1985). Risk can be reduced if identified and uncertainties may even be dealt with research, but it’s almost impossible to eliminate these factors from investment. To deal with these factors scholars have proposed some additional methods like sensitivity analysis, simulation analysis, scenario analysis, probability analysis and portfolio theory (Pike and Neale, 2006). Though, in regard to strategic investments, conventional appraisal techniques fall short because they don’t capture intangible or non financial project attributes (Busby and Pitts, 1997; Dempsey, 2003). Butler et al. (1991, p. 402) noted: â€Å"In making decisions on strategic investments, quantifiable financial performance factors (whether measured by discounted cash flow techniques, payback period, or impact on sale and profits) were viewed as of secondary importance by most respondents. Product quality, fit with business strategy and improving the competitive position of the firm were the most important factors considered by all informants.† Some special methods for appraising strategic decision are also established and described by scholars. Among these, the balance scorecard, real option analysis, value chain analysis, benchmarking and technology roadmapping are of vital importance (Kaplan and Norton, 2001; Hoque, 2001; McCarthy, 2003; MacDougall and Pike, 2003). However, continuous usage of conventional appraisal methods, despite their recognized limitation, leaves us in a vague situation and inclines us to explore more. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Investment Investment is employment of funds or capital with the aim of making future benefit. In literature and corporate world this activity is also referred as capital investment. G.H Lawson and Richard Pike (1981) describe it as: â€Å"Capital investment usually refers to the commitment of funds to fixed capital expenditure in the anticipation of returns that compensate for the risk of the investment and the delay in the enjoyment of funds, i.e. consumption.† 2.2 Investment Decision It is the process where managers or investors decides whether or not, when and how to spend money on the project. The heart of all investment appraisals is to calculate the value of spending money, by comparing the benefits with the costs. If this is done incorrectly, it could hammer the investor or firm’s growth (Mott, 1982). 2.3 Investment Appraisal The most important step to start appraising the investment is the identification of cost and benefit associated with it. This step requires immense of experience and expertise as it is an anticipation and mainly this reason has also forced Aggarwal (1993) to argue that â€Å"evaluating capital investment is close to an art and father from a science than is desirable†. Hence it can be said that investment appraisal techniques can never replace managerial judgment, but they can help make judgment more sound (Lumby and Jones, 1999). The major questions to be asked while investment appraisals are highlighted by Campbell (2006), these are: What return on capital employed will the project deliverHow quickly will the project pay for itselfWill the project add value to business? 2.4 General or Conventional Appraisal Techniques 2.4.1 Payback period This non-discounted appraisal techniques seeks to assess how quickly the positive cash flow recovers the initial capital investment. It is calculated by estimating the timely cash flows and at what time the project over comes the investment by the later returns. The project is accepted if it is equal to or less then the predetermined acceptable time or the one with lesser recovery time among available alternatives is accepted (Mott, 1982; Campbell, 2006). 2.4.2 Return on Investment Return on investment or return on capital employed is another non-discounted method for project appraisal. It is a ratio indicator which tells how well the investor or firm is utilizing the capital to generate revenue. The calculation is done by taking profit before tax and divides it by the difference between total asset and current liabilities (Lumby and Jones, 1999). This method has also some disadvantages but is a useful technique as well. 2.4.3 Discounted Cash Flow Methods These methods covers the issue of time value of money, which is, the future money is worth less than money at present. DCF technique converts the future cash flows value into the value of present day. In this manner we can worth the investment at the point when we are actually making it (Brealey et al, 2009). Among the family of discounted cash flow techniques net present value and internal rate of return are vital. 2.4.3.1 Net Present Value (NPV) Net present value is calculated by converting all future cash flows in today’s date and then deducting it from today’s investment. Positive NPV implies that the project is worth to create value and generally the project is accepted when NPV is greater than zero or the one with higher NPV is selected among available alternatives (Campbell, 2006). 2.4.3.2 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) It is that rate at which the net present value is zero. It is complex and difficult to calculate manually, as it is a trial and error method. Generally the project is accepted if the IRR is greater than the hurdle rate, discount rate or in simple terms the opportunity cost (Blank and Tarquin, 1989). 2.5 Limitation of Conventional Techniques Although every technique has its own and unique limitations but here general limitations are mentioned. The non discounted methods are normally criticized due to time value of money and discounted methods are argued due to its complexity. The most common errors found in applying DCF methods are: pre tax calculation of discount rate; anticipation of non-economic statutory in discount rate which may leads to error and incorrect results; interest charges are included in cash flows; cash flows are specified in today’s money (excluding inflation); use of single cut of rate instead of rate reflecting project risk (Pike and Neale, 2006). A major limitation of these techniques, which I have also mentioned earlier, are incapability to include the non financial factors into consideration like risk, uncertainties and factors involved in strategic investments. It has been argued that every single benefits of strategic investment are difficult to quantify and some other approach is required for strategic investment decisions, other than conventional financial techniques ((Butler et al., 1991; Covin et al., 2001). 2.6 Strategic Investment Strategic investment decisions mainly concerns long term investments in asset. Common type of SIDs includes: new product development, new market development, new technology or infrastructure, mergers and acquisitions (Harris et al., 2009). Strategic investments does not only brings economic value to the firm; benefits like increase in product quality, better competitive position, fit with business strategy, increase in customer loyalty can an advantage of strategic investment (Butler et al., 1991). 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Objective The main purpose of this research is to examine the importance of non-financial factors that could affect the investment appraisal process. The research aims to analyze and study conventional investment appraisal techniques and highlight their limitations. Moreover, the research shall investigate the non-financial factors that are considered important in evaluating strategic investment projects. Lastly, the study shall investigate whether recently developed analysis tools such as those that aim to integrate strategic and financial analysis, being used to evaluate strategic investment projects. 3.2 Research Questions The research questions that this study shall attempt to answer through the analysis of empirical data are as follows: What are the limitations of conventional investment appraisal techniques What non-financial factors are considered important in investment evaluation, especially in strategic investment decision Do organisations use conventional appraisal techniques for evaluation of strategic investment projects or prefer using recently developed strategic analysis tools in order to evaluate 3.3 Research Philosophy The research philosophy adopted by the researcher is one of ‘subjectivism’. Morgan and Smirchich (1980) state that subjectivism perceives reality as a â€Å"social construct†. Saunders et al (2009) state â€Å"the subjectivist view is that social phenomena are created from the perceptions and consequent actions of social actors†. In this case, the social actors are the company’s that shall be studied. Strategic investment decision making shall be analysed and investigated in this research based upon the actions of views of these ‘social actors’. Saunders et al (2009) state that for a researcher to understand any action he should explore the subjective meanings motivating those actions. This research aims to investigate the reasons behind implementation of modern strategic analysis tools by identifying the weaknesses of conventional strategic analysis methods and understanding how non-financial factors affect investments. Remenyi et al (1998) also emphasise on this issue and discuss the importance of studying the details of a certain situation in order to understand the ‘behind-the-scenes’ reality. 3.4 Research Approach Deductive approach is defined as developing a conceptual framework by studying the theory and testing this through either confirming or rejecting the hypothesis developed based on the theory by studying the empirical data collected (Bryman and Bell, 2007). An inductive approach, as defined by Bryman and Bell (2007), is one where theory is the outcome of research. According to Saunders et al (2009) in an inductive approach the theory follows from the collected data unlike in a deductive approach where it is the other way around. This research shall collect empirical data on strategic investment appraisal techniques using the methods mentioned below and the researcher will draw a conclusions based on the collected data by studying the inherent patterns and thus, this study shall adopt an inductive approach. 3.5 Research Design Research design is defined by Collis and Hussey (2003) as planning procedures for conducting research in order to obtain the most adequate results. The purpose of implementing an appropriate research design is to make sure that the data collected for the purpose of the research enables the researchers to answer the research questions proposed. According to Saunders et al (2007) there are seven types of research designs and each can be used for explanatory, descriptive or exploratory research. Since this research aims to highlight the limitations of conventional investment appraisal techniques and investigate the use of modern techniques, an exploratory research needs to be conducted. An exploratory research is used when there are no existing models to use as a basis for the study. 3.6 Research Strategy The research strategies as discussed by Saunders et al (2009) are experiment, survey, case study, action research, grounded theory, ethnography, and archival research. The research strategy adopted for the purpose of this study is ‘case study’. Stake (2000) defines case study as an organised and systematic way of producing information on a certain topic. Cooper and Morgan (2008) define case study as â€Å"an in-depth and contextually informed examination of specific organizations or events that explicitly address theory.† Case studies help analyse the experience or activities of a particular event of phenomena. This research aims to investigate the use of recently developed strategic analysis tools and thus shall conduct an in-depth study of an organisation in order to investigate whether the said organisation implements such techniques. The company selected for the purpose of this research is Engro Corp. Engro Corp is one of the largest conglomerates in Pakistan and since I have family working within the organisation at reputable posts I have access to the company and shall be able to obtain the required primary data rather easily. Due to the fact that there is very little data on the use of recently developed strategic analysis tools and the data required for this research is not reported externally, this research shall use primary data collected through a questionnaire. For this particular topic, only primary data can assist in answering the research questions posed and the objectives stated. 3.7 Data Collection Techniques The research shall primarily use primary data. Some secondary data will also be used to support the primary data collection. Primary data used for this study shall be collected through a survey. An open-ended questionnaire shall be used to collect the data required for the research. The questionnaire shall be self-administered and E-mail to the appropriate personnel within the company. The in-depth questionnaire shall explore the use of investment appraisal techniques within the company and if required, the researcher shall also issue a follow up questionnaire in order to collect further data for this research. 3.8 Qualitative Research Cresswell (1994) stated that qualitative research assists in understanding social or human problems by building a complex picture formed using words which report detailed views of informants. Qualitative research involved the use and collection of a range of empirical data and involved an interpretive approach towards the subject. Hence, in this case qualitative research methods shall be used due to these aforementioned characteristics which are deemed suitable for this research. 4. TIME PLAN 4. CONCLUSION Choosing investment decision for research is due to my interest in the topic. However, it is also a part of my degree program and as per my knowledge there are some gaps which need to be filled. I will try me level best to add valuable input to this area of study. This research will definitely increase my knowledge, skills and will give me a worthy experience. 5. REFERENCES Aggarwal R. (1993). Capital Budgeting Under Uncertainty: New and Advanced Perspectives. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Akalu M (2001). Re-examining project appraisal and control: developing a focus on wealth creation. International Journal of Project Management; 19(7):375–83. Arnold G, Hatzopoulos P. (2000). The theory-practice gap in capital budgeting: evidence from the United Kingdom. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 27(6): 603–626. Bierman, H (1980) Strategic Financial Planning Free Press, New York Blank, L.T. and Tarquin, A.J., (1989). Engineering Economy, 3rd. ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. Brealey, R S et al (1992) Principles of Corporate Finance 2nd Canadian edn, McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd, Toronto, Canada Brealey, R. Myers, S. Marcus, A (2009). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 116-274. Bryman A. Bell E. (2007). Business Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Busby, J.S., Pitts, C.G.C., (1997). Real options in practice: an exploratory survey of how finance officers deal with flexibility in capital appraisal. Management Accounting Research 8 (2), 169–186. Butler, R., Davies, L., Pike, R., Sharp, J., (1991). Strategic investment decision-making: complexities, politics and processes. Journal of Management Studies 4 (28), 395–415. Campbell, I. W. (2006), Business Economics and Accounting, MBA Module Manual- Accounting Finance 2005-2006, Bradford University School of Management.Collis J. and Hussey R., (2003), Business Research: A practical approach for undergraduate and post graduate students. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Cooper, D. J., and W. Morgan. (2008). Case study research in accounting. Accounting Horizons 22: 159-178. Copeland T, Koller T, Murrin J. (2000). Valuation. Wiley: New York. Covin, J.G., Slevin, D.P., Heeley, M.B., (2001). Strategic decision making in an intuitive vs. technocratic mode: structural and environmental considerations. Journal of Business Research 52 (1), 51–67. Cox, J C (1985) An intertemporal general equilibrium model of asset prices. Econometrica 53, 363-384. Dempsey, M.J., (2003). A multidisciplinary perspective on the evaluation of corporate investment decision making. Accounting, Accountability Performance 9 (1), 1–33. Dugdale, D., Jones, C., (1995). Financial justification of advanced manufacturing technology. In: Ashton, D., Jones, C. (Eds.), Issues in Management Accounting, second ed. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 191– 213. Harris,E, Emmanuel,C and Komakech, S (2009). Managerial Judgement and Strategic Investment Decisions. London: CIMA Publishing. 10-35. Hoque, Z., (2001). Strategic management accounting: concepts, procedures and issues, Chandos Publishing. Kaplan R, Atkinson A. (1998). Advanced Management Accounting (International edn.). Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Kaplan, R.S., (1986). Must CIM be justified by faith aloneHarvard Business Review March April, 87–95. Kaplan, R.S., Norton, D.P., (2001). Transforming the balanced scorecard from performance measurement to strategic management: Part 1. Accounting Horizons 15 (1), 87–104. Lawson, G.H and Pike, R.H (1981). Capital Investment: Theory and Practice. Bradford: MCB Publications. 10-35. Lumby, S. and Jones, C. (1999), Investment Appraisal and Financial Decisions, Sixth Edition, International Thomson Business Press, London. MacDougall, S.L., Pike, R.H., (2003). Consider your options: changes to strategic value during implementation of advanced manufacturing technology. Omega 31 (1), 1–15. McCarthy, R.C., (2003). Linking technological change to business needs. Research Technology Management 46 (2), 47–52. Morgan, Gareth, and L. Smircich (1980). The Case for Qualitative Research Acad. Management Rev., 5 (1980), 491-500. Mott, G. (1982), Investment Appraisal For Managers, The Macmillan Press Ltd; Bath. Pike, R. and Neale, B. (2006), Corporate Finance And Investment- Decisions and Strategies, Fifth Edition, Pearson Education Ltd, Bath.Remenyi et al (1998), Doing Research in Business and Management; an Introduction to Process and Method. London, SAGE Remer D, Nieto A (1995). A compendium and comparison of 25 project evaluation techniques. International Journal of Production Economics 1995; 42(1):79–96. Saunders, Mark N.K.; Lewis, Philip Thornhill, Adrian (2009). Research methods for business students (5th edition). London: Financial Times Management. Stake E. Robert (2010). Qualitative Research: Studying How Things Work. New York: The Guilford Press. Tatsiopoulos I, Tolis A. (2002). Technical and economic evaluation and feasibility study of biomass energy. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development 1(2): 142–159. Zimmerman J. (1997). Accounting for Decision Making and Control (2nd edn.). Irwin-McGraw-Hill: Boston. How to cite Appraising Investment Decisions and Affects of Non Financial Factors, Essay examples

Cyber Security for Physical System- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCyber Security for Physical System. Answer: Literature Review Physical system of cyber security is capable of adding some intelligence to the social life and associating the virtual world with the physical world. The Physical devices like cameras and sensors has integrated with the components of the cyber security and an analytical system has been form to respond to the dynamic changes in every scenario of the real-world. There is a wide range of application in the Cyber Security of Physical System that include the smart medical technology, environmental control, traffic management and assisted living. Cyber Security physical system is the integration of Cloud Computing and WSN. In one of the research methodology, the architecture of Cyber Security Physical System capture several different physical information, event detection, data analysis that are reliable, and security. The Cyber Security with its Physical System have several benefits that integrate the cyber and the physical world. The physical system is interoperable with Cloud Computing and WSNs that provide some standards to networking. There are multiple platforms that involve physical system conceptually that are interacting through a communication networks. The characteristics of network integration is provided by the Physical System of Cyber security. One of them is the media access control technique whose effects are on the system dynamic, software, and middleware for coordination over the networks, fault tolerances and network transactions timing control. The Physical system of Cyber Security provide another benefit that is the interaction between the System and the Human. The human perception and the system situational awareness with its changing environment that are critical parameter for decision making for dynamic and complex systems. Human has now become an essential part of the system through which it becomes easier for interaction because it has become difficult to model a human with the use of standalone systems. The Physical System of Cyber Security is a design that operate and evolve with unreliable and new environment. The unknown system of Cyber security demonstrate the behaviour of further study and develop into an improved system. With enhanced system interaction of cyber infrastructure and sensors, the Physical System of Cyber Security provide better performance with regard to feedback and automatic redesign. The Physical System ensure with better computational resources and the CPU subsystems with multiple sensing enti ties, end-user maintenance, multiple communication mechanisms and high-level programming language. This ensures the performance of the Physical system to be better. In one of the research it was found that the properties of Cloud Computing is utilize by the Physical system of Cyber Security as it is able to scale the system. Without any investment in the additional resources, there are some necessary infrastructure that are acquire by the users. The Cyber Security Physical System combines with the physical dynamics that are inherently heterogeneous with the computational processes. It may happen that the domain of the cyber combine the software modelling, programming tools, and network infrastructure. Simultaneously, the physical domain combine the chemical processes, mechanical motion control, human involvement and biological processes. Some design methodologies and tools can be provided by the physical system of cyber security with large scale design and understanding of the systems complexity. Due to sensor cloud integration, the physical system provide autonomy. However, the physical system of Cyber Security is a closes-loop system. The sensors of the system make some of the physical dynamics measurements. All the process of measurement are done in the cyber subsystems. These drive the applications and the actuators that has affected the physical processes. Flexibility is provided by the Physical System of the Cyber Sec urity. The system also provide fast response as it has the capability to process and communicate faster through sensor and infrastructure of the cloud. Bibliography Ashibani, Y. and Mahmoud, Q.H., 2017. Cyber physical systems security: Analysis, challenges and solutions.Computers Security,68, pp.81-97. Lawlor, O., Bogosyan, S., Vural, Y., Thompson, I., Moss, M. and Gokasan, M., 2015, November. AERO-beam: An open-architecture test-bed for research and education in cyber-physical systems. InIndustrial Electronics Society, IECON 2015-41st Annual Conference of the IEEE(pp. 005080-005086). IEEE. Nguyen, P.H., Ali, S. and Yue, T., 2017. Model-based security engineering for cyber-physical systems: A systematic mapping study.Information and Software Technology,83, pp.116-135. Frey, S., Rashid, A., Zanutto, A., Busby, J. and Follis, K., 2016, May. On the role of latent design conditions in cyber-physical systems security. InSoftware Engineering for Smart Cyber-Physical Systems (SEsCPS), 2016 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on(pp. 43-46). IEEE. Malchow, J.O., Marzin, D., Klick, J., Kovacs, R. and Roth, V., 2015, September. Plc guard: A practical defense against attacks on cyber-physical systems. InCommunications and Network Security (CNS), 2015 IEEE Conference on(pp. 326-334). IEEE. Medhat, R., Bonakdarpour, B., Kumar, D. and Fischmeister, S., 2015. Runtime monitoring of cyber-physical systems under timing and memory constraints.ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS),14(4), p.79. Snchez, B.B., Alcarria, R., de Rivera, D.S. and Snchez-Picot, ., 2016. Enhancing Process Control in Industry 4.0 Scenarios using Cyber-Physical Systems.JoWUA,7(4), pp.41-64. Cardenas, A., Amin, S., Sinopoli, B., Giani, A., Perrig, A. and Sastry, S., 2009, July. Challenges for securing cyber physical systems. InWorkshop on future directions in cyber-physical systems security(Vol. 5). Lee, E.A., 2008, May. Cyber physical systems: Design challenges. InObject oriented real-time distributed computing (isorc), 2008 11th ieee international symposium on(pp. 363-369). IEEE. Lei, C.U., Liang, H.N. and Man, K.L., 2013, August. Building a smart laboratory environment at a university via a cyber-physical system. InTeaching, Assessment and Learning for Engineering (TALE), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 243-247). IEEE. Peter, S., Momtaz, F. and Givargis, T., 2015, October. From the browser to the remote physical lab: Programming cyber-physical systems. InFrontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2015 IEEE(pp. 1-7). IEEE. Bou-Harb, E., 2016, November. A Brief Survey of Security Approaches for Cyber-Physical Systems. InNew Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), 2016 8th IFIP International Conference on(pp. 1-5). IEEE.

Media analysis Women and Men in Media

Table of Contents Introduction Depiction of the third world by the U.S. press International vs. local media Conclusion Works Cited Introduction According to Falah (305), the U.S. media discourse about the Muslim and Arab people is majorly based on gender basis. Reports on current events from Palestine, Iraq, and other Arab countries show the ubiquity of female images in the Western media. The U.S. press has narrowly constructed and projected the Muslim women and their societal roles, for instance they have been portrayed as exotic, erotic and oppressed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Media analysis: Women and Men in Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Several authors have examined the relentless demonization of Islam by the Western media, which is often likened to the Nazis during the pre Second World War period. Nevertheless, the same old question looms; what the Western media seeks to gain by p ortraying these people in the media in negativity? According to various media personalities, this act is fueled by the desire of Western audiences to be fed with negative news. Western media changes the perceptions of their targeted audiences and this in turn results to stereotypes being formed, as is been the case among many Western citizens. Falah (302) looks at the headlines, photos, and captions, all which directly reflect editorial decisions. Against this background the paper attempts to probe the way in which the press and especially the print journalism help to produce and to reproduce specific ways of knowing the third world. Depiction of the third world by the U.S. press In today’s world a lot of what is in the media concerning third world countries and issues touching on women and men as a whole in these countries are more than often portrayed in negative light of what is really the case for them. The Westerners are constantly being fed with negative opinions and de ep-seated perceptions about the lives of people in third world countries. Consequently, it results to people forming their own perceptions even though they have very little, accurate and tangible information, this leads to stereotyping and prejudicing of women and men in third world countries. People’s perceptions and the resulting stereotyping are heavily hinged on the media role of shaping these opinions in today’s world. Importance must be accorded and insisted on critically examining any information obtained on issues to do with third world countries. Mitchell (10) states that â€Å"outside the United States, everyone knows the U.S. is the most influential country in the world. Its economics, education, politics, technology, science, and culture, just to name a few areas, color the world’s every socio-economic fabric†. One has to strive to answer a number of questions within their subconscious so as to try and desist from stereotyping. This includes i ssues such as: whether the west becomes more informed after being fed with this inconsequential information; or the consequences befalling the people being portrayed in this kind of information; and the roles local and national media should take up in countering this and shaping opinions.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The media paints a picture of women in third world countries for the U.S public, as one of oppressed, workers whose place is the kitchen, poor, submissive, not able to take up leadership roles, subservient and much more. Men are not left behind; they are being portrayed as wife batterers, impotent due to alcoholism, indolent, drunkards and good for nothing people who don’t care for their wives and children (Hicks np). The big question here is; what led/leads to the portraying of the third world as is being done today and what picture is bein g portrayed to western audiences? A lot of these conclusions stem out of a misunderstanding of cultures of most third world people. There are no concrete reasons on why stereotyping and prejudicing of women and men in third world countries in western media sources is constantly being practiced (Zucchino 10-13). Cultures and traditions such as those found in Africa and parts of Asia dictate the roles of women as that of housewives who take care of the home and grow crops with the help of their daughters. Education among girls is not a priority like that of boys in these types of cultures. Media coverage has and is always comparing women in third world countries to those of the western world. The interest generated towards third world countries by western countries on the resource an untapped wealth is what drives media to pay negative attention towards the third world. Chavis (np) stated that the negative portrayal of the third world as seen today is as a result of â€Å"artificial territorial boundaries across communal lands, forced European acculturation, etc., were sanctioned by every institution in the societies (of Europe)†. The early media during â€Å"Darwinian era carriers on the tradition of stereotyping prejudicing, bias and disdain often are warp and woof of media coverage when Africa† and the third world â€Å"is the subject†(European Commission np). The third world is treated as full of hate and showing a desire to harm others rather than as a fundamental, universal part of the world. Western media goes ahead to show women and men in the third world as people who are valueless. Falah (304) notes that the media’s role as a â€Å"corporate, social and cultural institution needs to be analyzed in relation to other institutions such as those of the polity and economy.† There exists according to the van Dijk, a more than direct link connecting â€Å"societal racism, elite ideology and production of news by journalists †. The process of news processing and production is â€Å"informed by and to a certain extent is the manifestation of racism at the macro level of society and state† (Falah 305). Headline structures, leads, organization of stories, style of writing, and overall selection of topics deemed newsworthy are issues controlled in some way by â€Å"the societal context of power relations.†Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Media analysis: Women and Men in Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More often than not powerful individuals and elites in the society, institutions and groups especially corporate giants in any given society touching on the economy, political and social aspects of life are able to influence and control media access which results to them being portrayed in the media. As a result â€Å"elite versions of the ‘facts’, their definitions of reality, will tend to prevail over those of other, non-dominant groups.† A number of queries come to mind when looking at what the western media packages for their consumers: the way images of America, the West, the Third World the developing world, western culture, Asian culture, African culture, overpopulation, immigrants, and other historically marginalized people are portrayed; in what ways are gender, race, sexuality, and class set out in these depictions; the kinds of generalization being made about the object of a story; the stereotypes and negative or positive images of women in the Third World in discussions centering on â€Å"us†/†them,† â€Å"west/non-west,† and â€Å"self† (Falah 306). Western media organizations usually make use of various ways and methods of operation to purposely unload negative news, images and information when â€Å"reporting, communicating, or disseminating anything pertaining to Africa and the third world† (Saroop, 2010). Africa’s multicultural polyethnic, polyreligious, multipolitical, and mega economic dynamics and its immeasurable natural wealth which make it very vulnerable to the west, have been reduced to naught by the stroke of a western journalist’s pen. The lifestyles of Africans and the continent as a whole are constantly being painted as â€Å"a bastion of disease, savagery, animism, pestilence, war, famine, despotism, primitivism, poverty, and ubiquitous images of children, flies in their food and faces, their stomachs distended† (willenz 200). The question whether the western media paints women and men as independent and act on their own freewill or as helpless individuals relying on the west for aid and other handouts, does not clearly receive accurate information and facts to answer it. â€Å"American communicators have a serious obligation to make the American public more aware of the rest of the world and the influence it has on it. Americans will never understa nd the negative criticism that comes more and more from around the world unless they begin to see how life is really lived on the other side of the fence† (Sserwanga 8) . This can be attributed to the constant negativity in western media for consumption of Americans. It is not helped in any way by including local media, as they do not have that kind of influence to create an impression on audiences. This can be due to the fact that they too are being put in one category as the rest of the third world peoples. These messages and pictures of women and men in third world countries are overtly powerful and subconscious, are beamed globally to television audiences, through print media, by use of radio services and other modern technological advances being embraced today. They give an impression to intended target audiences of something that is â€Å"not first-rate, perennially problematic unworthiness, deplorability, black, foreboding, loathing, sub humanity† (Sister Namibia 9). In contrast to this, very little is said about the positivity of Africa and other third world countries.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Westerners are not aware of the third world’s importance to the rest of the world: its indispensability and significance to further development of the world; universal embracing of technology; â€Å"and the wealth of nations, derived from involuntary African largesse†. This is usually not commended or given the positive light it deserves in the media. Daily Observer (np) argues that â€Å"The amorphous news spin is America has to protect her strategic interests and national security†. What drives the negativity towards the third world men and women and Muslim women in particular? This can be deduced out of the fact that journalists lay emphasis on bad news, either from direction from their editors or employers, media owners such as: National Public Radio (NPR), the Star Tribune, the Pioneer Press, New York Times, the Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, 60 Minutes, Frontline, CNN, or the BBC who insist on this so as to make money. The emphasis on bad news m ight also stem out of trying to satisfy their audiences’ desire for such kind of news (Business Wire 15; BBC np). A case in point is that of the United States invasion of Iraq and the subsequent occupation by the U.S military. Western journalists did not focus on the positive gains the Iraqi leaders have achieved, but hide or downplay the truth and focus on the negatives. In some cases this does not work effectively for them as the public becomes discontent with the type of information being offered to them. It is unethical and against the code of conduct for reporters and journalists to keep away the truth with other intentions in mind; of either elevating certain powers over others, making third world countries feel inferior, using the media to punish enemies and much more. The case of Iraq, the western media is not justifiable to overlook the positive gains in that country. It is their responsibility and duty to provide accurate, true, and reliable information to their tar get audiences (Smith-Spark 35; Gibbons np). International vs. local media Local media emphasizes on actual happenings and tries to portray the country they are in positively. Through the local media the locals are empowered to make their country a better place to live in and this is not only good for the media but also the local people. On the other hand, the international media tends to emphasize on the negative aspects of the country be it war, famine, civil wars, disease outbreaks, violence connected to elections just to mention but a few. An example is the post election violence that took place in Kenya in 2008, the international media such as: CNN, the BBC, Aljazeera stressed on only the areas where the violence was at its peak capturing the graphic captions of the killings of people and replaying the scenes over and over yet there were places that violence did not take place (Gettleman np). International media tries to get sympathy from the international community by over usin g the negative aspects of the country they are in. This in turn tends to make the locals lose their self-esteem due to the way they are portrayed internationally. International media also tends to focus on certain third world countries and ignore others. Take for example the Rwanda 1994 genocide was not televised effectively to the western audiences that led to the international community to ignore the situation in Rwanda. If the international media had effectively portrayed the genocide the western audiences would have responded to the genocide and the causalities would not have been as high as they were. Local media in the third world countries tend to look for inspiring stories to empower the third world men and women so as to develop the under developing countries further. Local media looks at the actual happenings that take place in the country; they tend to rely on factual information and emphasize on actual happenings in the third world countries. Journalist have wholly embra ced the obligation entrusted to them and tehy6 take their seriously do it zealously for example John Allan Namu 2009 CNN African journalist of the year and Mohammed Ali who teamed up to fight social injustices committed to the Kenyan people. Through coming up with factual stories containing investigated facts that are credible, true, and timely: in this way the credibility of local reporters and journalists to rise among their targeted audiences (Piansay np). The role played by media organizations in shaping of opinions of their audience depends on the content the media is reporting on and how the message is perceived. The media tends to induce perceptions in their audience for example if a television station portrays an election candidate in a wrong way the audience is more than not to believe the perception. This shows the power the media wields over their audiences. Conclusion The role of the media in shaping perceptions and opinions of the people gives them an upper hand on dete rmining what to write, the stories to run in their publications, and pictures to put in newspapers and much more. Stereotyping has been promoted towards the third world by the third world men and women through the constant production of information that is not true or factual and lacking credibility. Reporters and journalists have an obligation and a duty to provide true information and not hold anything back to serve their own interests and those of the elite of the society. In order for the West to be able to understand the third world and the negativity that is portrayed by their media organization every day, they have to see how and possibly experience the lives of people in the third world. Without this they will never truly get to understand and will only rely to the biased media to give them half truths and incomplete information. Local media should be given more emphasis as this is the only way the perceptions and opinions than are doing the round universally will be changed . The western media on the other hand should change their outlook on the third world and third world women and women. They should also not focus on the negative aspects of the third world, this may help to create and generate more cooperation in terms of industrial technological advancements, funding and subsidies from western developed countries. Third world countries would boost their confidence and be able to mingle with the developed countries. Big international media corporations should also have interactions with local media in third world countries where they can share experiences and ways on how to portray the third world and advocate against stereotyping third world men and women. Works Cited BBC-commissioned study. â€Å"Iraq war TV coverage ‘sanitised.† British Broadcasting Corporation. 2 Dec 2010. Web. Business Wire. â€Å"VMS Media Analysis Expert Calls For â€Å"Communications Realignment† As Media Options Explode.† Business Wire 15th Novembe r 2010: 15. Print. Chavis, Rod. â€Å"Africa in the Western Media.† Sixth Annual African Studies Consortium Workshop, October 02, 1998. 4th Aug 2010. Web. Daily Observer. â€Å"Advancing Women in the Media: What Really Do We Want?† Daily Observer December 1, 2010: 5. Print. European Commission. â€Å"Scientists piece together EU media structure.† Cordis 9th November 2010. Web. Falah, Ghazi-Walid. Visual representation of muslim/arab women in daily newspapers. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010. Print Gettleman, Jeffrey. â€Å"Pain Lingers From 2007 Vote in Kenya.† New York Times, 4th Aug 2010. Web. Gibbons, Sheila. â€Å"Inequities Persist for Women in Media.† WeNews 21st Jan 2004. Web. Hicks, Robin. â€Å"Are women better at understanding social media?† Asia Pacific futureGov. 6th Dec 2010. Web. Mitchell, John. â€Å"A Reflection on Media in the Third World.† Center for Media Literacy 7 Dec. 2010: 10. Print. Piansay, Eming. â₠¬Å"Official Participant in the Youth Media Blog-a-Thon.† New America Media. 10th Nov 2008. Web. Saroop, Ijaz. â€Å"Analysis: Media democracy.† Daily Times November 17, 2010: 10. Print. Sister Namibia. â€Å"Women and men in the news in Southern Africa.† Goliath 1st Jan 2003: 1-10. Print. Smith-Spark, Laura. â€Å"Is the Iraq war vanishing from US view?† BBC News, Washington. 8 December 2010: 35. Print. Sserwanga, Moses. â€Å"Uganda: CHOGM; We Want Fair Trade, Not Aid.† The Monitor 8 Dec 2010: 16. Print. Willenz, Pam. â€Å"Men and women found more similar than portrayed in popular media.† EurekAlert 18-Sep-2005: 6-9. Print. Zucchino, David. â€Å"THE WORLD; Afghanistan’s Female Pioneers in Print; Media: Journalists cover ‘men’s turf’ in a weekly billed as the nation’s first independent paper run by women for women.† Los Angeles Times 9th May 2002: 9-16. Print. This research paper on Media analysis: Women and Men in Media was written and submitted by user Carolyn S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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It is also important to examine the arguments for and against the notion of neo-liberalism being closer to neo-realism, which would help to gauge to what extent neo-liberalism is closer to neo-realism. During the 1960s and 1970s, changes to the world structure started occurring as the role of non-state actors, for example the European Economic Community and multinational companies, had greater significance. In, Transnational Relations and World Politics, Keohane and Nye argue that a definition of politics in terms of state behaviour alone may lead us to ignore important non-governmental actors that allocate view. It is clear that from a pluralistic view, states as well as non-state actors all contribute to world politics and it is this fundamental assumption, which clearly challenges and distinguishes itself from realism. Furthermore, states are not seen as the single most important actors in international politics, as they often can not regulate all other cross-border transactions. Nye argues, A good deal of intersocietal intercourse takes place without governmental controlstates are by no means the only actors in world politics. This emphasises the pluralist theory that states do not act in a unitary fashion, rather the state is fragmented and, composed of competing individuals, interest groups and bureaucracies, which shape state policy. Transnational co-operation was needed to respond to common problems and co-operation in one sector would inevitably lead to co-operation in other sectors and as a result, the effects of transnational relations are becoming more important and pervasive. In the 1970s, the liberal pluralists highlighted the understanding of non-state actors, undermining the state-centric world of realism. Keohane and Nye claimed that world politics was no longer the exclusive preserve of states and that, the growth of transnational organizations has lead to the state-centric paradigm becoming progressively inadequate, therefore a new theory called complex interdependence was introduced to run as an alternative to realism. This theory has three key assumptions the first was introduced, being that the state is not a unitary actor but there are multiple channels of access between societies. In, Power and Interdependence, Keohane and Nye argue that these channels include, informal ties between governmental elites; informal ties among non-governmental elites and transnational elites and transnational organizations. The second feature of the theory is that though military force is an important issue; from a pluralistic perspective it does not dominate the a genda. The paradigm allows for a multiple of issues to arise in international relations compared to the neo-realist concept, where it emphasises the military and security issues which dominate international politics. Pluralists have a low salience of force and believe that actors have different influences on different issue areas. Therefore pluralists argue that military power is not the only factor indicating how powerful a state is. The final assumption considers the fact that there is no hierarchy of issues; therefore any issue area might be at the top of the international agenda at any one time. This emphasises the second assumption of complex interdependence that, military security does not consistently dominate the agenda, furthermore, with the complicated interactions between various sub-state actors, the boundary between domestic and foreign politics becomes obscure, such that traditionally low political issues, for example the environment and the economy take greater signif icance in the domain of international politics. The neo-realist reply to the pluralist challenges came in the form of a structuralist theory which regarded international systems to be either hierarchical or anarchical in nature. The distinction between hierarchical and anarchical is crucial to Waltz, who argued that the present international system was anarchical in nature and the pluralist challenge had failed to provide sufficient grounds to suggest that the system had changed fundamentally; therefore underlying the reality of the system remained in tact. Neo-realism deems the anarchic system has led to a self help system which lacks authority. He says, each unit seeks its own good: the result of a number of units simultaneously doing so transcends the motives and aims of the separate units. Therefore, states are only able to survive if they increase their military capabilities, which will enhance their security. This is directly criticised by pluralists as they argue that liberal democracies are more pacifist and the fact that more states are becoming liberal democracies, shows the potential for changing the structure of the international system, and they claim that, when complex interdependence prevails military force is not used. However, in his critique of transnational and other pluralist efforts, Waltz raises an important idea. He defies the challenge of the state-centric paradigm by saying that students of transnational phenomena have developed no distinct theory of their subject matter or of international politics in general. Keohane argues this critique by pointing out that for concepts such as transnational relations to be valuable; a general theory of world politics is needed. Neo-realism contains analogies from economics, especially the theory of markets and the firm where the market is a structure and exists independent of the wishes of the buyers and sellers who nonetheless create it by their actions. Waltz states, international political systems, like economics markets, are formed by the co-action of self-regarding units. This overall perspective draws its central ethos from the discipline of economics and rational choice assumptions. However, even pluralists like Keohane soon accepted the neo-realist concepts of the international system being anarchic in nature and states as the principle actors in it. Therefore, he repositioned himself to neo-liberalism, moving away from his previous pluralistic concerns of interdependence and transnational relations. The debate between the two came to be known as the neo-neo debate since there appeared to be a convergence between the two positions. The foundation of neo-liberalism is that states need to develop strategies and forums for co-operation over a whole set of new issues and areas and this has been facilitated by the fact that regimes, treaties and institutions have multiplied over the past two to three decades. Thus the pluralists of the 1970s such as Keohane and Nye have become the neo-liberals of today and in the process have become quite close to the neo-realists. Neo-liberalisms acceptance of anarchic principles, states becoming the principal actors and the adherence to the importance of rational choice further highlights the close intellectual position with neo-realists. Nevertheless, despite this neo-liberals are trying to distinguish themselves from neo-realists when including the notion of co-operation. Neo-liberals have concerned themselves with analysing the extent of co-operation possible under conditions of anarchy and the conclusions that the two sides reach are radically different. Neo-realists claim that under anarchy, conflict and the struggle for power are enduring characteristics of international politics, and that because of this, co-operation between states is at best precarious and at worst non-existent. Neo-liberals agree that achieving co-operation is difficult in international relations but disagree with neo-realists pessimism of it not being able to occur effectively in an anarchical system. In Keohanes book, After Hegemo ny, he claims that, Cooperation requires that the actions of separate individuals or organizations be brought into conformity with one another through a process of negotiation. Neo-liberalism goes further and claims that co-operation could be increased through establishment of international regimes and the exchange of information. They see regimes as the mediator and the means to achieve cooperation in the international system. According to neo-liberals, institutions can exert casual force on international relations, shaping state preference and locking states into cooperative arrangements. However, neo-realists doubt that international regimes have the ability to do this efficiently, if not at all. Their pessimistic view of international relations put forward the argument that states must stress security to promote their own survival. The neo-liberal view is that though there is an anarchic system in place; institutions have the ability to, encourage multilateralism and cooperation as a means of securing national interests. However, they do concede that cooperation may be difficult to achieve in areas where leaders perceive to have no mutual interests. Thus, there is a difference of opinion between neo-liberals and neo-realists on the notion of international regimes. The former believes that regimes can only persist so long as states have mutual interests, while the latter argues that only with a hegemon in place, can a regime work effectively. Despite their differences over the question of co-operation in the international system, both neo-realism and neo-liberalism are rationalist theories; both are constructed upon assumptions held in micro-economic theory that the main units in the international system, states, are assumed to be self-interested and rational and act in a unitary fashion. Neo-liberals accept the basic neo-realist assumptions of international anarchy and the rational egoism of states. However, their aim is to show that to an extent rational actors can co-operate even when anarchy in the system prevails. The issue of gains is a key difference in this debate as neo-liberals assume that states focus primarily on their individual absolute gains and are indifferent to the gains of others. Whether co-operation results in a relative gain or loss is not very important to a state as far as neo-liberalism is concerned, so long as it produces an absolute gain. In contrast, neo-realists, such as Waltz, argue that stat es are concerned with relative gains, rather than absolute gains and a states utility is at least partly a function of some relative measure such as power. Furthermore, the acceptance of states being rational actors allows the enactment of game theory, thus allowing the behaviour of states to be foreseen, aiding the scientific rigour of neo-liberalism. It is arguable therefore, that neo-liberalism is a doctrine that is close to both neo-realism and traditional pluralism. It is the most contemporary of the paradigms and thus has been able to take key concepts from both neo-realism and traditional pluralism to produce a new theory of international relations. However, pluralism still has strong similarities with neo-liberalism in that they both agree on the concept of different issues areas that are not necessarily military based, such as economic welfare, whereas neo-realists concentrate on military issues which they identify as being high on the political agenda. Therefore, there are no hierarchical issue areas in contrast to neo-realism where military and the struggle for power is at the top of the agenda. Furthermore both paradigms show optimism on the concept of cooperation occurring in international politics. However, it is arguable that neo-liberals have abandoned the pluralist thought of the state not being the principal actor s in international relations. Here, neo-liberals have concurred with the neo-realist state-centric view; with states being described as rational actors. To a greater extent, it is the key concept for the ability of cooperation to occur in an anarchical system which distinguishes neo-liberalism from the other two paradigms, especially neo-realism, whereby cooperation can be mitigated through the establishment of international regimes and institutions. The differences on cooperation are clearly evident between neo-liberalism and neo-realism as the latter paradigm is pessimistic, in arguing that under anarchy cooperation would be very difficult to achieve. This emphasises the autonomous nature of neo-liberalism and it now becoming the main challenger to the traditional realist paradigm. BIBLIOGRAPHY Burchill, Scott Theories of International Relations (Basingstoke:  Palgrave Macmillan,  2005) pp.64-70 Kauppi, Mark and Viotti, Paul International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism, and Beyond (Boston ; London: Allyn and Bacon, 1999) pp.199-204 Keohane, Robert O. After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005) pp.51-63 Keohane, Robert O. The Demand for International Regimes in Krasner, Stephen International Regimes (Ithaca;  London:  Cornell University Press, 1983) pp. Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. Transnational relations and World Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973) pp. ix-xxix Keohane, Robert O., Institutional Theory and the Realist Challenge After the Cold War in Baldwin, David Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993) pp. 269-300 Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. Power and Interdependence (New York; London: Longman, 2001) pp. 19-27 Lamy, Stephen Contemporary Mainstream Approaches: Neo-Realism and Neo-Liberalism in Baylis, John and Smith, Steve (eds.) The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) p.207-218 Little, Richard, International Regimes in Baylis, John and Smith, Steve (eds.) The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) pp. 370-380 Waltz, Kenneth Theory of International Politics (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1979) pp.51-95

Negligence Case Study Essay -- Law of Tort, Tort Law

Review the scenario below. Consider the legal principles influencing the likelihood of any successful action against Steve in negligence. Daria and her lover, Tom, were crossing the road on a pedestrian crossing when Tom was hit and killed by a car being negligently driven by Steve. The car missed Daria by inches. Since the incident Daria has had frequent nightmares and has been unable to return to work. Harry, a policeman patrolling the area, witnessed the incident and went to try to help Tom, but quickly realised that Tom was already dead. This was Harry’s first day back at work following six months recovering from psychiatric illness caused by the distressing nature of his job. As a result of seeing Tom’s injuries Harry has now suffered a return of the psychiatric damage which now appears permanent. Samira, a civilian worker in police traffic control, was watching a TV monitor which showed the road as the incident occurred. Samira recognised Tom as her husband whom she had not seen since the day, six months before, when he had left her and gone to live with Daria. Samira had always believed that, one day, he would return to her. She has suffered post traumatic stress disorder since the incident. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ In our given scenario we are asked to discuss legal principles influencing the likelihood of any successful action against Steve in the grounds of negligence. Steve’s negligent driving caused a series of events that caused losses to the other people presented in the scenario and they take actions against Steve in the grounds of negligence. At first we must understand what negligence is. The tort of negligence provides the potenti... ...rameters and all the aspects of the law that appear in our given scenario we can safely say that any claim that is being made by Tom’s representative by Daria and Samira on the grounds of negligence – breach of duty of care and psychiatric injury would be successful and that even though Harry suffered psychiatric injury his claim won’t be successful since he doesn’t fulfill the necessary parameters in order to make a successful claim. Bibliography Neal Geach, Question & Answer Tort Law, Pearson Law of Tort, Module Handout. Cases Frances Quinn, Tort Law, Pearson, first edition, pp 34-35 Caparo v Dickman (1990) 2 A.C. 605 Page v Smith [1996] 1 A.C. 155 Bourhill v Young [1943] A.C. 92 Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1992] 1 A.C. 310 Hinz v Berry [1970] 1 All E.R. 1084 White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1999] 2 A.C.455

A Rose for Emily-William Faulkner

Nor can she be a wife and mother like others. Her father's overprotection is obviously the root of all her monstrosities. (IOW) Born In a noble family, she lives In the lap of luxury, but the material life does not compensate for her sufferings. In fact, she Is Like â€Å"fish In bowl, bird In cage† as her fathers thinks, â€Å"none of the young men were quite good enough for Poor her, a beautiful young aristocrat with a miserable life Obviously, she deserves to live a better life and should have done whatever she desires: friendship, love and a happy Emily like others' as those are basic rights of a human being.In contrast, she imprisons herself in her own house while living in loneliness and boredom. (owe) Moreover, she is not free to live her own life because of her father's overprotection. As a pretty well-off girl, she is the target of lots of men. That means she has many opportunities to choose her â€Å"right† man. Unfortunately, her father is obviously a huge o bstacle for her to live on her own. We readers can figure out what she has to suffer spiritually during her childhood beside a dictatorial father whose overprotection Is so relent that her life Is considered stolen.Her portray Is painted as a slender figure In white in the background. In fact, she is just a shadow beside her father. (owe) Her Tanners overprotection Is ten root AT all near monstrosities. Her extreme dependence on him results in monstrous deeds in her life. A new page of her life is opened when Homer Barron, a Yankee and daily laborer, appears. His appearance changes her life, but the fate doesn't smile to her. Her forgetting â€Å"noblesse oblige† in order to live with him finally receives his betrayal. The hatred and desperation in her cake her commit a dreadful crime: murder.What surprises and terrifies us most is that she continues to live with his corpse in the bridal room for many years without being detected. (owe) To sum up, William Faulkner is really a talented artist who paints the image of a miserable woman who suffers too much. She should be happy with her own decisions, but her father's overprotection deprives her of happiness to be a wife and mother. Moreover, she is unprepared to adapt herself to a new situation. Her life is a real hell with losses and lack of love. A Rose for Emily-William Faulkner Nor can she be a wife and mother like others. Her father's overprotection is obviously the root of all her monstrosities. (IOW) Born In a noble family, she lives In the lap of luxury, but the material life does not compensate for her sufferings. In fact, she Is Like â€Å"fish In bowl, bird In cage† as her fathers thinks, â€Å"none of the young men were quite good enough for Poor her, a beautiful young aristocrat with a miserable life Obviously, she deserves to live a better life and should have done whatever she desires: friendship, love and a happy Emily like others' as those are basic rights of a human being.In contrast, she imprisons herself in her own house while living in loneliness and boredom. (owe) Moreover, she is not free to live her own life because of her father's overprotection. As a pretty well-off girl, she is the target of lots of men. That means she has many opportunities to choose her â€Å"right† man. Unfortunately, her father is obviously a huge o bstacle for her to live on her own. We readers can figure out what she has to suffer spiritually during her childhood beside a dictatorial father whose overprotection Is so relent that her life Is considered stolen.Her portray Is painted as a slender figure In white in the background. In fact, she is just a shadow beside her father. (owe) Her Tanners overprotection Is ten root AT all near monstrosities. Her extreme dependence on him results in monstrous deeds in her life. A new page of her life is opened when Homer Barron, a Yankee and daily laborer, appears. His appearance changes her life, but the fate doesn't smile to her. Her forgetting â€Å"noblesse oblige† in order to live with him finally receives his betrayal. The hatred and desperation in her cake her commit a dreadful crime: murder.What surprises and terrifies us most is that she continues to live with his corpse in the bridal room for many years without being detected. (owe) To sum up, William Faulkner is really a talented artist who paints the image of a miserable woman who suffers too much. She should be happy with her own decisions, but her father's overprotection deprives her of happiness to be a wife and mother. Moreover, she is unprepared to adapt herself to a new situation. Her life is a real hell with losses and lack of love.

Contemporary Art Answer Essays - Post-Impressionism, Free Essays

Contemporary Art Answer Essays - Post-Impressionism, Free Essays Contemporary art is art produced after 1946 up until this present day. It seems to overlap modern art as modern art did not necessarily diminish until later on. For example, Jeff Koons would be considered a contemporary artist because he has been producing art after 1946, in our lifetime. Of course, with every time period, new art ideas will almost always receive backlash from the media and may be considered shocking. For example, in 2015 when Sacramento was set to erectan $8 million public sculpture (Coloring Book) by HYPERLINK "artnet.com/artists/jeff-koons/" \t "_blank" Jeff Koonsoutside its new basketball arena, not everyone was a fan of the plan. It was intended to capture a child's ecstatic enjoyment of the world, but other artists and critics had mentioned that it does not feel inspired by the movement that created the arena and it does not represent our city or where it's going. Many do not seem to see the enjoyment he is portraying in his work, much like his Balloon Dog.Not only do we see this backlash in this period of contemporary art, but also in previous periods of art, such as post impressionism (modern art). Paul Gauguins Self Portrait with Halo and Snake (1889) caused quite a stir due to Gauguin representing himself as a saint, or saint-like, by including a halo above his head. Of course throughout the decades art has constantly been changing due to the technological advances and the changes that have been made in society as well; art is always responding to real things. Paul Gauguins Self-portrait with Halo and Snake was influenced by HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e" \o "Ukiyo-e" Japanese wood-block printsand HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisonnism" \o "Cloisonnism" cloisonnism, completed several years after he had visited Tahiti. HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Halo_and_Snake" \l "cite_note-conisbee-14" In the painting, Gauguin wears the saffron colored robe of a Buddhist monk, perhaps influenced by Van Gogh's earlierSelf-Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gauguin (1888). During that time period, art was heavily influenced by Japanese prints and the impression other artists had left behind in their paintings to inspire other artists in the future. In this current period of contemporary art, Jeff Koons art is inspired by popular culture subjects and reproductions of banal objects; Balloon dog made from stainless steel with a transparent colour coating. His piece that was supposedly meant to be displayed outside the basketball arena was influenced by the enjoyment a child possesses in such simple things in life, much like his other art pieces such as his giant balloon figures. As mentioned before, both artists have received backlash and controversy for their artwork and it is safe to say that almost every artist should expect some sort of a backlash for their art in any time period or context. Art is never perfect and never will be perfect; others may see your artwork diffe rently than you do and interpret its meaning differently than intended. Therefore, although some viewers may be able to have a certain likeness to an artists artwork, the piece will never gain full acceptance of its entire audience. Some art can be appreciated in hindsight as a comment of that time period. Paul Gauguins self-portrait may have created backlash in his time period, but as we intellectually study its meaning and the influence of the piece, we can determine the intentions he or other artists had during that time period. Many people often find Jeff Koons art quite odd, such as his sculpture Coloring Book and Balloon Dog, but in the next time period of art, they may look back and study its meaning and intentions, predicting the motives he and possibly other artists had during that time period. Jeff Koons is a great example of a contemporary artist who intends to show the simplest pleasures in life through his artwork, allowing anyone to understand its simplicity and enjoy every moment of it. Jeff Koons Balloon Dog Paul Gauguin Self Portrait with Halo and Snake

Response Paper to Walter Benjamins The Work of Art in the essays

Response Paper to Walter Benjamins The Work of Art in the essays Response Paper to Walter Benjamins The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Walter Benjamin discusses the question how and to what extent art and artist and their role in society changed by the means of mechanical reproduction, particularly by the introduction of film and photography. He introduces the term aura , which he defines as a traditional feature of pieces of art as part of the cultural heritage and which he bases, in my opinion, on what he calls the cult value of art, opposed to the exhibition value. He claims that by replacing a unique existence by a plurality of copies the means of mechanical production destroyed a works uniqueness and thus its aura, which was the obverse of the crisis of his days and the renewal of mankind. He derives the cult value of art from ancient times when art was only a part of rituals first referred to as magic and then to as religious ones. In this respect art was mainly meant to be for the spirits or for God and did its service s imply by existing, no matter if it was shown to other men or not. But now the Age of Mechanical Reproduction emancipates the work of art from its dependence on ritual and puts its emphasis on the exhibition value with the significance of art depending on the peoples realization of it and provoking as much their response to it as demanding to be discussed, which goes together with a collective reception of a work of art by an increasing number of people at the same time. The same way as a formerly magic instrument was later recognized as a work of art, the artistic function of todays art with the emphasis on its value by being on view may later, as he suggests, be recognized as incidental , i.e. in favor of a social or political function. With the use of new media in the field of art he sees its work in a totally new context which introduces and even requires some more determining components such as captions giving p...

Working with and Leading People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Working with and Leading People - Essay Example Leigh & Maynard (1996) highlights that Jamie selectors’ prior step of this recruitment process involved requesting applicants to talk about food while they were filmed. This established each applicant’s passion about food and whether they were willing to talk about food publicly. Having shortlisted sixty applicants, they were now expected to adequately describe the tastes of various foods. The applicants were given butternut squash ravioli and tempura fried oyster and had to describe the texture and flavor of what they had eaten. The ability of the applicant to effectively describe the taste of the food meant that he or she would be able to express the self-sensory encounter effectively. The 30 selected applicants were required to observe the procedure of preparing a simple meal then repeat the same procedure in preparing the same meal. At this stage, Jamie tested the level of observation an individual would attain. Jamie selectors interrogated the applicants as they prepared the fried salmon and vegetable meal and hence scrutinizing the manner and methodology in which they prepared it. Fifteen applicants were finally selected in accordance to their strategy to the task and standards of the prepared meal. Jamie Oliver decided to get involved in the training process of the recruited trainees. The trainees were sent to college to learn basic skills, and then as they continued with the training, Oliver began to train and shape the candidates to meet the needs, style and standards of the restaurant. The training involved class attendance, demonstration and practical activities. The training was faced with major challenges as some of the trainees found the work and mental effort involved in this work overwhelming and became demotivated and hence stopped attending the college (Leigh, Maynard, 1996). Jamie Oliver remunerated the trainees by paying their travel charges and even physically went to see them at their apartments to know their whereabouts

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Marketing plan - Essay Example Second part discusses the international marketing plan and third is the recommendation. Nestle SA is a multinational company that has been successful in holding business in many parts of the world. As a matter of expansion, it is planning to enter a new territory. How they will enter the territory and its marketing strategies will be discussed in this paper. Nestle SA is the holding company of Nestle Group that is based in Switzerland. It was founded by Henri Nestle whose name is retained as company’s name. Its main activities are the development and production of food and beverages. Nestle Group manages the food and beverage activities in three geographical areas (Europe, America and Asia, Oceania and Africa), and globally for Nestle Water, Nestle Nutrition, and other food and beverages). As of 2012, company has employed 328,000 people worldwide and earned CHF 92.2 billion. (Reuters. 2015). Top 3 competitors to Nestle are Mars, Inc., Danone and Mondelez, International, Inc. Company mission of â€Å"Good food, good life† is to provide consumers with the best tasting, most nutritious choices in a wide range of food and beverage categories and eating occasions, from morning to night.†(Reuters. 2015) Discussion about relevant historical developments of India, in this paper, starts in the 19th wherein it was reigned by Great Britain. It was granted independence in 1947 after years of non-violent resistance was staged by its leader Gandhi. Earlier years were not peaceful, since after gaining independence, it was disturbed by three wars with neighboring countries, and the last one was in 1971 that resulted to the separation of Pakistan and India. There were nuclear threats in 1988 and a terrorists attack in Mumbai on the same year. (CIA Worldfactbook, 2015). Country remained calm after this. India’s growth started in 1991 after a series of economic

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example Plot The plays shows that Willy Loman has just returned back home and is quite exhausted due to cancellation of a business trip. Being concerned about Loman’s mental disturbances due to a car crash, his wife advises him to inform his boss that he would work in his home city in order to avoid travelling. Loman informs about his concern to his wife regarding their son as he was not doing well in his life as he had failed to pass the math test during his senior year and did not participate in collegiate level of education. Happy is the second son of Loman and in the play he discusses and recalls his childhood life with his brother. They exchange ides about the depleting state of their father’s cognitive health as he had a habit of conversing with himself. On the other hand, Loman is quite angry with his sons because both of them have failed to achieve success in life. At the moment, the sons reveal that Biff had a business plan in mind just to calm their father down. The v ery next day, Loman approaches his boss asking to work within the home town and Biff proposes his business plan, but both of them fail in their jobs. Loman looses his job as his boss deems him as unfit to work and be a representative of the company. On the other hand, Biff waited for long hours to meet his previous boss, but his boss doesn’t recognize him and asks him to leave. Out of anger, Biff steals a fountain pen from his prior boss. On the other hand Loman meets his colleague, Charles whose son, Bernard has developed into a successful lawyer. Bernard informs Loman that during summer session of school, Biff was quite positive about him and wanted to do something worth while in his life but due to certain events in Boston, he decided otherwise. S Next both the sons and father meet up for dinner where Loman looses his temper and recalls the moment when Biff had come to meet his father and found that his father was with another women in a hotel room and since that day, Biff and his father started departing from each other. Biff and Happy both exit the restaurant leaving their father alone in the restaurant. When they returned back home, their mother scolds them for dumping their father and Loman sits outside while he converses with himself. Later Biff tries to make things better between him and his father but this leads to another heated conversation between both of them where Biff states that he is worthless and he is similar to an ordinary human being and both the father and the son have same characteristics. The scene ends where Biff consoles to his father that he loves him and informs his father that he should not expect something extra ordinary from him. After this event Willy realizes that Biff has forgiven his wrongdoings and would now try to become a businessman and to finance Biff, Loman kills himself so his son can obtain finances form insurance company. But Biff continues not to pursue business, while Happy decides to fulfill his fatherâ₠¬â„¢s dreams. Character Analysis The four main characters of the play includes: Willy Loman, his wife Linda Loman, his sons, Biff and Happy Loman. Willy Loman is a salesman and is 60 years old, he lives in the past and he is represents the attitude of a child. His childish attitude is supported with his first name Willy which might appear like a question of â€Å"Will He?† His second name represents his low life character who can not gain success in his life. Linda is quite an intelligent and a supportive character and wants his children to support each other in