Salinity Definition and Importance to Marine Life

The simplest salinity definition is that it is a measure of dissolved salts in a concentration of water. Salts in seawater include not just sodium chloride (table salt) but other elements such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium. These substances get into the ocean through complex processes including volcanic eruptions and hydrothermal vents as well as less complex ways such as the wind and rocks on land, which dissolve into sand and then salt. Key Takeaways: Defining Salinity Seawater has an average of 35 parts of dissolved salt per thousand parts of water, or 35 ppt. By comparison, tap water has a salinity level of 100 parts per million (ppm).Salinity levels can affect the movement of ocean currents. They can also affect marine life, which may need to regulate its intake of saltwater.The Dead Sea, located between Israel and Jordan, is the saltiest body of water in the world with a salinity level or 330,000 ppm, or 330 ppt, making it nearly 10 times saltier than the worlds oceans. What Salinity Is Salinity in seawater is measured in parts per thousand (ppt) or practical salinity units (psu). Normal seawater has an average of 35 parts of dissolved salt per thousand parts of water, or 35 ppt. That equates to 35 grams of dissolved salt per kilogram of seawater, or 35,000 parts per million (35,000 ppm), or 3.5% salinity, but it can range from 30,000 ppm to 50,000 ppm. By comparison, fresh water has just 100 parts of salt per million parts of water, or 100 ppm. The water supply in the United States is restricted to a salinity level of 500 ppm, and the official salt concentration limit in U.S. drinking water is 1,000 ppm, while water for irrigation in the United States is limited to 2,000 ppm, according to The Engineering Toolbox. History Throughout Earths history, geological processes, such as the weathering of rocks, have helped make the oceans salty, says NASA. Evaporation and the formation of sea ice caused the salinity of the worlds oceans to rise. These salinity rising factors were counterbalanced by the inflow of water from rivers as well as rain and snow, NASA adds. Studying the salinity of the oceans has been difficult throughout human history due to limited sampling of ocean waters by ships, buoys, and moorings, NASA explains. Still, as far back as the years 300 to 600 awareness of changes in salinity, temperature, and smell helped Polynesians explore the southern Pacific Ocean, says NASA. Much later, in the 1870s, scientists on a ship named the H.M.S. Challenger measured salinity, temperature, and water density in the worlds oceans. Since then, techniques and methods for measuring salinity have changed drastically. Why Salinity Is Important Salinity can affect the density of ocean water: Water that has higher salinity is denser and heavier and will sink underneath less saline, warmer water. This can affect the movement of ocean currents. It can also affect marine life, which may need to regulate its intake of saltwater. Seabirds can drink salt water, and they release the extra salt via the salt glands in their nasal cavities. Whales cant drink much saltwater; instead, the water they need comes from whatever is stored in their prey. They do have kidneys that can process extra salt, however. Sea otters can drink salt water because their kidneys are adapted to process the salt. Deeper ocean water may be more saline, as is ocean water in regions with a warm climate, little rainfall, and plenty of evaporation. In areas close to shore where there is more flow from rivers and streams, or in polar regions where there is melting ice, the water may be less saline. Even so, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, there is enough salt in the worlds oceans that if you removed it and spread it evenly over the Earths surface, it would create a layer about 500 feet thick. In 2011, NASA launched Aquarius, the agencys first satellite instrument designed to study the salinity of the worlds oceans and predict future climate conditions. NASA says the instrument, launched aboard Argentine spacecraft Aquarius/Satà ©lite de Aplicaciones Cientà ­ficas, measures the salinity in the surface—about the top inch—of the worlds oceans. Saltiest Bodies of Water The Mediterranean Sea has a high level of salinity because it is mostly closed off from the rest of the ocean. It also has warm temperatures that result in frequent humidity and evaporation. Once the water evaporates, the salt remains, and the cycle begins again. In 2011, the salinity of the Dead Sea, which is situated between Israel and Jordan, was measured at 34.2%, though its average salinity is 31.5%. If the salinity in a body of water changes, it can affect the waters density. The higher the saline levels, the denser the water. For example, visitors are often astonished that they can simply float on their backs, without any effort, on the surface of the Dead Sea, due to its high salinity, which creates high water density. Even cold water with high salinity, such as that found in the northern Atlantic Ocean, is denser than warm, fresh water. References Barker, Paul, and Anoosh Sarraf. (TEOS-10)Thermodynamic Equation of SeaWater 2010.Salinity and Brine. National Snow and Ice Data Center.Stout, P.K. Salt: in the Oceans and in Humans.  Rhode Island Sea Grant Fact Sheet.  U.S. Geological Survey: Why Is the Ocean Salty?

The Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of The...

After winning the Revolutionary War, the American colonists achieved independence from Britain and never wanted to be ruled by another power again. The states joined forces against Britain. After rejecting the British rule the states establish their own state constitutions. They wanted to prevent the hardships that they had experienced from the colonial governments established by Britain. Then to unite the colonies, Congress proposed a constitution for the national government and sent it to the individual states for ratification. On March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation were ratified. The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States. It was a form of self-government instituted by the Second†¦show more content†¦The British controlled everything they did in the colony.They also thought that states would be small, independent countries like the way the colonies were established. In addition, the states thought they would act on the ir own on all issues except for war and handling foreign relations. Their experience with the British monarchy rule before the establishment of the Articles made them aware of too much power in a single ruler. The states had established a two-house legislature to divide the power. After the Revolutionary War the states also allowed people to vote who were restricted before. Before this time women, indentured servants, the poor and African Americans were not allowed to vote. Therefore, the writers of the Articles kept all of this in mind when writing the Articles of Confederation. A success of the Articles of Confederation is it aided with the settling and governing of the western territories in our nation. Following the Revolutionary War, there was an immense increase in the movement into the west. The Articles of Confederation established for the settlement of these western lands. The Northwest Ordinance which was passed in 1787, created a means by which the Northwest Terri tory was to be divided into states. It established that there would be no slavery in these territories. Also it advised how the population would be determined. These land ordinances proved to be very effective as a means of a stable and The Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of The... When America got independence in 1776 , it was divided into thirteen states. In order to provide political stability to the country, the leaders of these thirteen states drafted an article of Confederation. An article of Confederation was adopted by the Continental Congress which was the first constitution of America. Though many ratification of the Articles was made , some all the states realised that article of Confederation is not powerful enough to resolve the national and international issues. As a result the Articles of Confederation was replaced by the new Constitution which was signed by the members of the Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia. In new constitution, members tried to strengthen the central government which was the demand of time. It was more practical and broader than the article of Confederation. Under article of Confederation, states were free to form their military. But under new Constitution foreign affair and defense departme nt was given to federal government. No state was given power to sign treaties with other nations. Some changes were also brought in the composition of congress under new constitution. Now, seats in congress were decided on the basis of population of each state. During the rectification of the constitutions, many states opposed the rectification as they feared that federal government might take rights from them. In order to address fears of Anti-Federalists, federal government introduced BillShow MoreRelatedThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of The United States1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe Articles of Confederation was the first order of government established within the United States of America from March 1st, 1781 and lasted until March 4th, 1789. This written document established the functions of the national government of the United States after gaining independence from Great Britain. In order to not follow in the footsteps of Great Britain and become a tyranny, the Articles of Confederation declared that each state was independent and sovereign; each state had an absoluteRead MoreArticles Of Confederation And The United States Constitution.1820 Words   |  8 PagesArticles of Confederation and the United States Cons titution Cheryl Powers Chamberlain College of Nursing HIST 405 January, 2017 Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution Introduction: The strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation vs. the new Constitution of 1787 Created by Continental Congress, the Articles of Confederation were the first promising attempts of aligning the 13 colonies of the United States. By 1781 the Articles were finalized and becameRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of The United States1436 Words   |  6 Pagesagain. The states joined forces against Britain. After rejecting the British rule the states establish their own state constitutions. They wanted to prevent the hardships that they had experienced from the colonial governments established by Britain. Then to unite the colonies, Congress proposed a constitution for the national government and sent it to the individual states for ratification. On March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation were ratified. The Articles of Confederation was the firstRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of The United States Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Articles of Confederation, is the first written constitution of the United Sta tes. The Articles of Confederation consists of a Continental Congress, to maintain the Articles and serve as a government of the thirteen American colonies. The Continental Congress is made up of delegates from the thirteen colonies. These colonies include: Delaware, Pennsylvania, Georgia, New Jersey, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts Bay, South Carolina, Virginia, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, and RhodeRead MoreComparison Between the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution991 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Articles of Confederation. Shortly after that, a new document was formed to what we know as the Constitution of the United States. These documents were similar but more different at the same time with each other, and each granted specific powers to the national government. By throwing off the British monarchy it left the states without a central government. The states needed a new government and fast, which paved way for the first constitution, the Articles of Confederation. The Articles ofRead MoreWhy did the United States dump the Articles of Confederation for the Constitution of 1787?808 Words   |  4 PagesOn June 12, 1776, the Continental Congress appointed a committee, consisting of one delegate from each of the thirteen states, for the purpose of setting up a cohesive Federal Government. Headed by John Dickinson, the committee presented a draft of the Articles of Confederation to Congress a month later. Though the Articles were not officially ratified until five years later, Congress began operating under them in 1777. The delay that occurred during the years from drafting to ratification was partiallyRead MoreArticles Of Confederation And The Writing Of The Us Constitution1117 Words   |  5 PagesArticles of Confederation and the Writing o f the US Constitution Brandon Robison Robib567@yahoo.com United States History Devry University â€Æ' Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation; this was the first constitution for the United States, on November, 1777. However, approval of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not occur until March, 1781. The Articles created a loose fellowship of sovereign states and a poor central government, leaving most of the power withRead MoreU.s. Constitution And Articles Of Confederation843 Words   |  4 PagesThe U.S. Constitution and Articles of Confederation If society didn’t have standards that were enforced to help prevent harm to society by its members, how different would it be? These standards are broken into two different types, verbal and written. Although, one can distinguish between the two standards, verbal standards are those that are not written down, but yet passed down among many generations and are not easily enforce, whereas written standards, are the complete opposite. There were twoRead MoreConstitution vs Articles of Confed. Essay902 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿REPORT: CONSTITUTION As one of the creators of the new Constitution of 1788, you are chosen to present its strengths as compared to the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. What areas of importance will you stress in attempting to get it passed unanimously? Give good well-reasoned arguments in a report of approximately 400 words. You will need to research the details of each document, using resources from the library, the Internet, or other sources. Be sure to use proper spelling andRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1115 Words   |  5 PagesThe Articles of Confederation were the earliest constitution of the United States. After the United States became fully independent from Great Britain, following the Revolutionary War, the document was created to outline the functions and management of new nation. However, the document established a very weak central government, instead giving the power to the states. To correct the mistake, a new version of such a document was created: the Constitution, which is still in effect today. (Articles of The Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of The... The Articles of Confederation was the first order of government established within the United States of America from March 1st, 1781 and lasted until March 4th, 1789. This written document established the functions of the national government of the United States after gaining independence from Great Britain. In order to not follow in the footsteps of Great Britain and become a tyranny, the Articles of Confederation declared that each state was independent and sovereign; each state had an absolute veto that essential provided undisputed power. Despite being the first government in the United States that unified the thirteen colonies, its inability to flourish was the result of the lack of power it was provided by the states. The Articles of Confederation paved the way for a well-balanced governmental structure through its few significant contributions that would eventually lead to the government in today’s America. Under the Articles of Confederation, America was a league of friendship as opposed to a strong united nation once independence was obtained through the Revolutionary War. The establishment of a weak central government left Congress without the power to collect taxes from the states in order to pay debts or provide the military with essential supplies such as food, clothes, and weapons; the failure to collect money from all the states caused jealousy amongst the states that donated money and lead to the creation of various currencies in America (5). Shays Show MoreRelatedArticles Of Confederation And The United States Constitution.1820 Words   |  8 PagesArticles of Confederation and the United States Constitution Cheryl Powers Chamberlain College of Nursing HIST 405 January, 2017 Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution Introduction: The strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation vs. the new Constitution of 1787 Created by Continental Congress, the Articles of Confederation were the first promising attempts of aligning the 13 colonies of the United States. By 1781 the Articles were finalized and becameRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of The United States1436 Words   |  6 Pagesagain. The states joined forces against Britain. After rejecting the British rule the states establish their own state constitutions. They wanted to prevent the hardships that they had experienced from the colonial governments established by Britain. Then to unite the colonies, Congress proposed a constitution for the national government and sent it to the individual states for ratification. On March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation were ratified. The Articles of Confederation was the firstRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of The United States Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Articles of Confederation, is the first written constitution of the United Sta tes. The Articles of Confederation consists of a Continental Congress, to maintain the Articles and serve as a government of the thirteen American colonies. The Continental Congress is made up of delegates from the thirteen colonies. These colonies include: Delaware, Pennsylvania, Georgia, New Jersey, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts Bay, South Carolina, Virginia, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, and RhodeRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of The United States991 Words   |  4 Pagesinto thirteen states. In order to provide political stability to the country, the leaders of these thirteen states drafted an article of Confederation. An article of Confederation was adopted by the Continental Congress which was the first constitution of America. Though many ratification of the Articles was made , some all the states realised that article of Confederation is not powerful enough to resolve the national and international issues. As a result the Ar ticles of Confederation was replacedRead MoreComparison Between the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution991 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Articles of Confederation. Shortly after that, a new document was formed to what we know as the Constitution of the United States. These documents were similar but more different at the same time with each other, and each granted specific powers to the national government. By throwing off the British monarchy it left the states without a central government. The states needed a new government and fast, which paved way for the first constitution, the Articles of Confederation. The Articles ofRead MoreWhy did the United States dump the Articles of Confederation for the Constitution of 1787?808 Words   |  4 PagesOn June 12, 1776, the Continental Congress appointed a committee, consisting of one delegate from each of the thirteen states, for the purpose of setting up a cohesive Federal Government. Headed by John Dickinson, the committee presented a draft of the Articles of Confederation to Congress a month later. Though the Articles were not officially ratified until five years later, Congress began operating under them in 1777. The delay that occurred during the years from drafting to ratification was partiallyRead MoreArticles Of Confederation And The Writing Of The Us Constitution1117 Words   |  5 PagesArticles of Confederation and the Writing o f the US Constitution Brandon Robison Robib567@yahoo.com United States History Devry University â€Æ' Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation; this was the first constitution for the United States, on November, 1777. However, approval of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not occur until March, 1781. The Articles created a loose fellowship of sovereign states and a poor central government, leaving most of the power withRead MoreU.s. Constitution And Articles Of Confederation843 Words   |  4 PagesThe U.S. Constitution and Articles of Confederation If society didn’t have standards that were enforced to help prevent harm to society by its members, how different would it be? These standards are broken into two different types, verbal and written. Although, one can distinguish between the two standards, verbal standards are those that are not written down, but yet passed down among many generations and are not easily enforce, whereas written standards, are the complete opposite. There were twoRead MoreConstitution vs Articles of Confed. Essay902 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿REPORT: CONSTITUTION As one of the creators of the new Constitution of 1788, you are chosen to present its strengths as compared to the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. What areas of importance will you stress in attempting to get it passed unanimously? Give good well-reasoned arguments in a report of approximately 400 words. You will need to research the details of each document, using resources from the library, the Internet, or other sources. Be sure to use proper spelling andRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1115 Words   |  5 PagesThe Articles of Confederation were the earliest constitution of the United States. After the United States became fully independent from Great Britain, following the Revolutionary War, the document was created to outline the functions and management of new nation. However, the document established a very weak central government, instead giving the power to the states. To correct the mistake, a new version of such a document was created: the Constitution, which is still in effect today. (Articles of

Poverty and Squatter Syndicates Squatting - 4474 Words

I. Introduction According to studies, the population in the Philippines is growing at the rate of 1.95% per year. Much of this growth is attributed to the urban societies. The rising rate of population in urban areas is not only caused by the increasing birth over death proportion, but also by rapid rural to urban migration as well. Relocating to urban areas has become an alleged solution to improve the quality of life and provide better income for the household. This stimulated a substantial flow of migrants to cities. However, their migration has only caused them another dilemma – adequate housing. In most cases, these migrants are financially incapable, leaving them with the option of illegally residing in an unoccupied land. They go†¦show more content†¦Squatting syndicates took over public or private lands identified in cahoots with employees of the local assessors offices, Bureau of Land Management, Land Registration Authority and local Register of Deeds targeti ng tax delinquent owners or mall subdivisions which had no security of its own. In the case of public or government lands, very often syndicates were in partnership with national agency staff who partook of the profits from the informal housing development. The squatting syndicates subdivided these into small parcels; built makeshift housing units; and provided water and power connections illegally. Other syndicates used fake titles. Contacts within the Register of Deeds replaced the original titles illegally. When this was discovered by the real owners, the syndicates contested this in court. Many owners were left with no alternative but to settle for a compromise where the owners incurred tremendous expense to buy back properties they already owned. In established squatter colonies, syndicates convinced squatters that they held titles to the land and charged exorbitant fees to legitimize the squatters’ occupation of the land. Syndicates issued Certificates of Occupancy and Deeds of Donation to squatter families. Rights to some of the parceled lots were sold for as high as P50,000 ($1,000) and house rent ranged from P500–P1,500Show MoreRelatedEstimating Informal settlers in the Philippines2360 Words   |  10 Pagesthe multi-faceted approach provided in RA 7279 or the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 or UDHA in identifying â€Å"homeless and underprivileged citizens† or more broadly, informal settlers. UDHA does not use the term â€Å"informal settlers† nor â€Å"squatters† but adopts the term â€Å"homeless and underprivileged citizens †2 . At the same time, the law mandates LGUs to undertake a Registration3 of Socialized Housing Beneficiaries, subject to eligibility criteria4. Special considerations are also provided

Should Euthanasia Be Legalized - 2086 Words

Research Outcome SACE NO. 931039E Word Count: 1,986 Should euthanasia be legalised? Introduction Euthanasia is â€Å"the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma† (Merriam-Webster, 2014). The concept of euthanasia has led to a prolonged argument as to whether it should or should not be legalised. This essay explores some of the competing arguments before concluding that euthanasia should remain illegal. The first key finding found was for euthanasia as it ends suffering forever. The second was against euthanasia as it challenges the Hippocratic oath. The third was also against euthanasia due to there being no proper regulations for it. Finally, the fourth was again against euthanasia as there are two better alternatives, in which preserve life instead of ending it, being palliative and hospice care. Active and Passive euthanasia There is a fine line between active euthanasia (which is what is legal in these two countries) and another type of euthanasia, passive. Active euthanasia is a deliberate act to cause death whereas Passive euthanasia merely lets the patient die, through either withholding or withdrawing treatments (BBC, 2014). In simple terms, active euthanasia is having a quick and painless death compared to having a long and painful death (passive). In most countries passive euthanasia is used even though it is illegal. Through legalising active euthanasia, it allows a patient to have a painlessShow MoreRelatedShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1360 Words   |  6 PagesAbout 55% of terminally ill patients die in atrocious pain. Euthanasia is a practice that hasn’t been legalized in many places, and is usually performed by lethal injection. In the United States euthanasia is only legalized in Oregon, Washington, Montana, and certain areas of Texas. Some citizens feel that euthanasia should be le galized because they should have the sole right to their life. Others feel that God is the one that has the authority over a person’s life. There have been many cases whereRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?864 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversy over euthanasia. Because there is a sharp conflict on the issue, some countries accept mercy killing lawful while others do not. The main arguments about the issue are whether the deliberate intervention on one’s life to the end is morally right or wrong. Some say euthanasia should be legalized because it is the only way to relieve harsh pain and meet ‘real happiness’ for the patients who are not expected to maintain their lives more. They also argue that people should respect the patients’Read MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?971 Words   |  4 Pages Legalization of euthanasia in China Youyou Zhuang English Language Center, University of Victoria Youyou Zhuang, a student in English language center of University of Victoria. zhuangyoyo@gmail.com Legalization of euthanasia in China The hospital is a place where to cure the sickness and to save the patients. Have you ever thought a kind of â€Å"killing† could happen in the hospital? It is the â€Å"mercy killing†, also called euthanasia. Till now, euthanasia is legal in Netherlands, BelgiumRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1413 Words   |  6 Pagesstatement: euthanasia should be legalized. There exist numerous topics that are controversial within the criminal justice system. Euthanasia, the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relive pain and suffering, is one that has been around for a long time. Many people believe that it should continue being illegal due to certain moral values. However, some people argue that euthanasia should be decriminalized because people should have the right to die when they want to. Euthanasia hasRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?907 Words   |  4 Pagesactive euthanasia, which is a highly contentious issue in the United States. Voluntary active euthanasia is currently illegal in the United States. However, I believe that patients with terminal illnesses experiencing a lot of pain and misery should have the right to die the way they choose, with dignity, instead of being subjected to agony. People should be able to choose voluntary active euthanasia, if ever need be, which is why I believe that despite current policy, voluntary active euthanasia shouldRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1050 Words   |  5 Pagesend quickly, but knew it was not going to happen. If euthanasia and/or assisted suicide was legalized, perhaps his wish could have been true. Unfortunately, euthanasia is only legal in the states of Oregon and Washington at the current time. Euthanasia is considered immoral and wrong for contradicting a doctor’s job. However, it save s families the horrible sight of their loved ones dying, safeguards being up to protect any abuse towards euthanasia, and ultimate choice of being euthanized is upon theRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthe natural body is able to heal itself and grow. Not only is it human nature to survive and prosper, it is also instinct to be frightened of death and suffering. Euthanasia has been a topic of debate ever since the Roman and Greek physicians have started to poison terminally ill patients with their consent. Today’s definition of euthanasia is â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless wayRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1220 Words   |  5 Pagesincurable patients, it is rarely known that Euthanasia, a termination of one’s life with his/her self-willingness, is a release of permanent pain. On the other hand, it is committed by the doctors. Among Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary Euthanasia, only is Voluntary Euthanasia being universally concerned by human beings. Various fascinating facts, Australia has already approved this act and many people from other countries have also committed Euthanasia. Regarding this topic, people have beenRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1210 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerns is dying with dignity and not left to suffer a long and drawn out death. Euthanasia, also known as mercy killing, is a sensitive and very controversial subject. Several people believe, doctors should not participate in any action that ends a person’s life due to the Hippocratic Oath stating that doctors are obligated to save lives. Although, euthanasia is considered to be immoral and even murder, it should be legalized when a person’s quality of life, due to an incurable illness, is gradually goingRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1490 Words   |  6 Pagesj ust like you are in pain. What would you do? Euthanasia is and act where a person assist the death of other person and relieves him/her from pain. It is also called as mercy killing. It is controversial because, some may thing it is immoral and some may think it is against their religious values. But, the fact is, the person who suffers with pain knows the pain better than anybody. It is the person’s decision to make. Euthanasia should be legalized with the involvements of legal documents based

English comparative critique free essay sample

English Comp Critique In the article, â€Å"The Princess Paradox†, James Poniewozik describes how the princess era is making a comeback. He uses a lot of examples of cinderella stories and other fairytale projects to describe how the princess era is becoming a trend today. He goes into a lot of depth about these movies and fairy-tail projects to get his point across. In the article, â€Å"Cinderella and Princess Culture†, Peggy Orenstein starts off by telling us how she came â€Å"unhinged† at the dentist’s office whenever the dentist asked Orenstein’s daughter if she wanted to sit in the princess throne. Orenstein immediately attacks the dentist, claiming that every daughter does not need to be a princess in this world today. Orenstein mainly discusses the Disney consumer products having a major influence on the young girls today. Although in both of these articles, Orenstein and Poniewozik act as if they are feminist, they both have different reasons to why they are against young girls being princesses today. We will write a custom essay sample on English comparative critique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Poniewozik begins by stating that it is a nightmare for the young girls wanting to be princesses today. Society expects every little girl wants to be a princess. Poniewozik blames Hollywood for this. It’s true in recent decades that Hollywood has produced quite a few cinderella stories and also many other fairy-tail type projects. It’s not a bad thing for them to do this because they’re making a large profit off these projects. Princess fairytale stories and movies are surprisingly popular today. Poniewozik claims that we have come a long way from the girls-kick-ass-culture of just a few years ago (Poniewozik 666). Orenstein is in a dentist office with her daughter when the dentist asked her daughter if she wanted to sit in the princess throne. Orenstein couldn’t handle it anymore, so she attacked the dentist. She is being somewhat rude and overreacts a bit. She believes not every young girl should want to be a princess even though most people in today’s society believes that. Even though she doesn’t want her daughter be a princess maybe her daughter does. Orenstein seems a controlling mother that won’t let her daughter have fun. On the other hand she could be protecting her daughter by leading in her in  the right direction of getting a career because you obviously can’t just be a princess in reality. Poniewozik and Orenstein both believe that we, America, are in a royal moment. Although Poniewozik blames it on Hollywood with all of the Cinderella/fairytale stories being produced, Orenstein blames it all on the Disney consumer products in the United States. Hollywood came out with a set of Cinderella stories and other fairy-tail projects. Disney Consumer Products started this craze about six years ago and the sales have reached to $3 billion this year. Young girls have been brainwashed by all of these and need to snap out of it because they can’t be a princess in reality. Both the authors have different reasons and views as to why young girls are caught up in the princess era. Orenstein criticizes the famous character Dora The Explorer. It’s as if she thinks Dora is bad for her daughter. She goes on to say that Dora is dirty-kneed and sarcastically says that she has even taken the throne. It is a pretty good point that she makes saying that Dora is one of the big reasons of the princess trend. There was an episode where Dora was turned into a â€Å"true princess†. Although Orestein is being harsh attacking Dora like this. Dora the Explorer is just a cartoon made for children to enjoy. It was only one episode where dora turned into a princess. Poniewozik discusses these fairy tale projects and harshly criticizes them. He dislikes the movie Ella Enchanted. To him its just a knockoff of Cinderella where she wants to free herself of a fairy’s curse. He then goes on to critique The Prince Me. Poniewozik believes that the movie industry has brainwashed young girls. It seems like he too hard on the movies. Poniewozik likes to jump to conclusions about the movies being that mind-altering to young girls today. Orenstein realizes that maybe she has interpreted the princess era wrong. The princess era could be a sign of progress for young girls. Orenstein was determined that the princess era was a bad thing for her daughter and now she is thinking that it could be good. The princess era is just a phase  that young girls will go through at some point in their lives. Eventually the girls will grow up and realize that you cannot be a princess in today’s world. Poniewozik sticks with his feminist ways and that the princess era is bad for the young girls around the world. He goes on to describe how these young girls can grow up and become a feminist with a career as well as being a princess too (falling in love with the so-called prince charming). If you do this there are some rules and conventions. Poniewozik’s idea here is promising and can be true in a variety of ways in reality. There are very successful women out there today that could be considered princesses. Orenstein makes an excellent point stating that boys go through a power ranger phase and get through it and girls go through the princess stage who also get through it. This is a great way to back up her own feminist views on the princess trend. The differences between both of their views are clear. Poniewozik and Orenstein both show us ways that they are feminist. There is a princess trend occurring in the United States today that some view is an epidemic and others don’t care for it. To Poniewozik and Orenstein the princess trend is an epidemic that needs to be controlled a little better. They have different reasoning to why the princess trend is a disaster. The claims they make and the evidence they use are strong in different ways.

Perspective from Accounting and Finance

Question: Discuss about the Report for Perspective from Accounting and Finance. Answer: Payback Period Calculation Calculation of Payback Period Particulars Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Free Cash Flow -48408000 6378571 20527571 15833571 15524571 19230571 Cumulative Cash Flow -48408000 -42029429 -21501857 -5668286 9856286 29086857 Payback Period 4.365117049 Based on the above calculation, it can be said that the PBP (Payback Period) for the latest project is 4.36 years. 2. Profitability Index Calculation Particulars Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Discounted Cash Flow -48408000 5695153.06 16364454 11270023 9866145.8 10911942.7 Total Discounted Cash Flow 54107719.2 Initial Investment 48408000 Net Present Value 5699719.202 Profitability Index 1.118 From the particular above calculation, it can be said that the PI (profitability index) of the specified project is 1.118. IRR Calculation Particulars Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Discounted Cash Flow -48408000 5695153.06 16364454 11270023 9866145.8 10911942.7 IRR 3.727% The IRR (Internal Rate of Return) for the specified project is 3.727%. Net Present Value (NPV) Calculation Calculation of Net Present Value:- Particulars Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Sales Revenue 31040000 51410000 42195000 37830000 26190000 Variable Cost -13120000 -21730000 -17835000 -15990000 -11070000 Fixed Cost -5100000 -5100000 -5100000 -5100000 -5100000 Purchase of Manufacturing Equipment -34500000 Development Cost -7500000 Market Research -200000 Working Capital -6208000 Depreciation of Equipment -4928571 -4928571 -4928571 -4928571 -4928571 Net Income before Tax 7891429 19651429 14331429 11811429 5091429 Less: Tax @ 30% -2367429 -5895429 -4299429 -3543429 -1527429 Net Operating Income after Tax 5524000 13756000 10032000 8268000 3564000 Add: Depreciation on Equipment 4928571 4928571 4928571 4928571 4928571 Less: Change in Working Capital -4074000 1843000 873000 2328000 5238000 Add: Estimated sale of Equipment 5500000 Free Cash Flow -48408000 6378571 20527571 15833571 15524571 19230571 Required Rate of Return 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Discount Factor 0.89285714 0.7971939 0.7117802 0.6355181 0.56742686 Discounted Cash Flow -48408000 5695153.06 16364454 11270023 9866145.8 10911942.7 Total Discounted Cash Flow 54107719.2 Initial Investment 48408000 Net Present Value 5699719.202 Sensitivity Analysis for the Changes in Price It has been found that if the SP (selling price) is considered at low rates, then the NPV (Net Present Value) of the particular project will also decline consequently (Balakrishnan, Watts and Zuo 2013). Moreover, it has been noted that for elevated SP (selling prices), the NPV will also be elevated. The analysis of the same has been shown below: Particulars Actual Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Unit Price ($) 485 460.75 448.62 509.25 521.38 NPV 5699719 1047685 -1278332 10351753 12677771 Sensitivity Analysis for the Changes in the Volume of Sales According to Brealey et al. (2012), if the selling price (SP) is equivalent and the volume of the sales becomes elevated than the estimated quantity of volume, the firm can earn higher amount of net present value from the specified project. On the other hand, if the sales volume is relatively lower, then, the net present value will get decreased consequently. The specified calculations are provided in the table below: Particulars Actual Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Sales Volume 389000 369550 359825 408450 418175 NPV 5699719 3083819 1775869 8315619 9623569 Potentiality of the New Project: Opined to Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer (2014), when the net present value (NPV) of the project is considered as positive, a firm should take the project under consideration. Here, the organization Emu electronics should manufacture the smart phones as this will result into positive earnings. The reason behind this is that the calculated net present value is positive. Moreover, the payback period (PBP) of the particular project is also considered as attractive as the duration of the particular project for recovering the initial amount is relatively lesser. Penalty for Loss on Other Models: The loss takes place due to the decreased quantity of sale of the smart phone models that have been formerly launched is enclosed by the revenue that is generated by selling the new model of smart phones (Christensen et al. 2015). This new model of smart phone has been introduced into the market by the organization Emu Electronics. Thus, it can be said that if any loss takes place, then it will be enclosed by the due in order to sell the new model of the smart phones. In this circumstance, only the new smart phone model would be introduced into the market by the particular organization. Workings of the Calculation Particulars Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Sales Volume (Unit) 64000 106000 87000 78000 54000 Unit Price ($) 485 485 485 485 485 Sales Revenue 31040000 51410000 42195000 37830000 26190000 Variable Cost P.u. 205 205 205 205 205 Total Variable Cost 13120000 21730000 17835000 15990000 11070000 Total Fixed Cost 5100000 5100000 5100000 5100000 5100000 Net Working Capital 6208000 10282000 8439000 7566000 5238000 Change in Net Working Capital 4074000 -1843000 -873000 -2328000 -5238000 According to the Annual Report of the company Harvey Norman for the year 2015, the value of the accounts book of the equity of the particular organization is $ 2556.86 million as on June 30 of the year 2015. Moreover, for the year 2015, the annual report of the particular organization exhibits that as on June 30 of the year, 2016, the specified firm has the total liability of an amount of $ 1511.912 million. However, it has been found that out of this total amount of $ 1511.912 million, $ 688.556 million are considered as an interest bearing amount in nature (www.harveynormanholdings.com.au, 2016). The price of Harvey Norman stock on 5th of October in the year 2016 is AU $ 4.957. The market capitalization or the market value of equity of the firm Harvey Norman as on 5th of Octobetr in the year 2016 is AU$5.80 billion (Damodaran 2016) Moreover, on 5th of October in the year 2016, the firm Harvey Norman has about 1113.24376 million outstanding stocks (Au.finance.yahoo.com, 2016). The most current dividend that is paid by the firm Harvey Norman once in a year was an amount of $ 0.185 as on 7th of April in the year 2016. According to the dividend discount model one can use the data for calculating the present market value of the stock price of the organization Harvey Norman with the assistance of the Growth Rate. It is designed under the CAGR Model and the needed return rate by using the method CAPM (Deegan 2012). The Beta of the company Harvey Norman has been calculated as follows: Harvey Norman SP 500 Index Date Adj Closing Price Return Adj Closing Price Return 10/5/2015 3.42291 1987.050049 10/6/2015 3.4317 0.26% 1979.920044 -0.36% 10/7/2015 3.4757 1.28% 1995.829956 0.80% 10/8/2015 3.4845 0.25% 2013.430054 0.88% 10/9/2015 3.5021 0.51% 2014.890015 0.07% 10/12/2015 3.4581 -1.26% 2017.459961 0.13% 10/13/2015 3.36131 -2.80% 2003.689941 -0.68% 10/14/2015 3.41411 1.57% 1994.23999 -0.47% 10/15/2015 3.39651 -0.52% 2023.859985 1.49% 10/16/2015 3.39651 0.00% 2033.109985 0.46% 10/19/2015 3.33491 -1.81% 2033.660034 0.03% 10/20/2015 3.30852 -0.79% 2030.77002 -0.14% 10/21/2015 3.29092 -0.53% 2018.939941 -0.58% 10/22/2015 3.29972 0.27% 2052.51001 1.66% 10/23/2015 3.35251 1.60% 2075.149902 1.10% 10/26/2015 3.39651 1.31% 2071.179932 -0.19% 10/27/2015 3.5021 3.11% 2065.889893 -0.26% 10/28/2015 3.64289 4.02% 2090.350098 1.18% 10/29/2015 3.66771 0.68% 2089.409912 -0.04% 10/30/2015 3.64027 -0.75% 2079.360107 -0.48% 11/2/2015 3.62198 -0.50% 2104.050049 1.19% 11/3/2015 3.61283 -0.25% 2109.790039 0.27% 11/4/2015 3.64027 0.76% 2102.310059 -0.35% 11/5/2015 3.55796 -2.26% 2099.929932 -0.11% 11/6/2015 3.65857 2.83% 2099.199951 -0.03% 11/9/2015 3.57625 -2.25% 2078.580078 -0.98% 11/10/2015 3.50308 -2.05% 2081.719971 0.15% 11/11/2015 3.47564 -0.78% 2075 -0.32% 11/12/2015 3.58539 3.16% 2045.969971 -1.40% 11/13/2015 3.51222 -2.04% 2023.040039 -1.12% 11/16/2015 3.41161 -2.86% 2053.189941 1.49% 11/17/2015 3.48478 2.14% 2050.439941 -0.13% 11/18/2015 3.51222 0.79% 2083.580078 1.62% 11/19/2015 3.63113 3.39% 2081.23999 -0.11% 11/20/2015 3.7043 2.02% 2089.169922 0.38% 11/23/2015 3.7043 0.00% 2086.590088 -0.12% 11/24/2015 3.7043 0.00% 2089.139893 0.12% 11/25/2015 3.7043 0.00% 2088.870117 -0.01% 11/27/2015 3.71344 0.25% 2090.110107 0.06% 11/30/2015 3.73174 0.49% 2080.409912 -0.46% 12/1/2015 3.79576 1.72% 2102.629883 1.07% 12/2/2015 3.71344 -2.17% 2079.51001 -1.10% 12/3/2015 3.67686 -0.99% 2049.620117 -1.44% 12/4/2015 3.64027 -1.00% 2091.689941 2.05% 12/7/2015 3.62198 -0.50% 2077.070068 -0.70% 12/8/2015 3.64942 0.76% 2063.590088 -0.65% 12/9/2015 3.65857 0.25% 2047.619995 -0.77% 12/10/2015 3.61283 -1.25% 2052.22998 0.23% 12/11/2015 3.60369 -0.25% 2012.369995 -1.94% 12/14/2015 3.50308 -2.79% 2021.939941 0.48% 12/15/2015 3.45735 -1.31% 2043.410034 1.06% 12/16/2015 3.51222 1.59% 2073.070068 1.45% 12/17/2015 3.55796 1.30% 2041.890015 -1.50% 12/18/2015 3.63113 2.06% 2005.550049 -1.78% 12/21/2015 3.65857 0.76% 2021.150024 0.78% 12/22/2015 3.74088 2.25% 2038.969971 0.88% 12/23/2015 3.73174 -0.24% 2064.290039 1.24% 12/24/2015 3.68601 -1.23% 2060.98999 -0.16% 12/28/2015 3.68601 0.00% 2056.5 -0.22% 12/29/2015 3.86893 4.96% 2078.360107 1.06% 12/30/2015 3.91467 1.18% 2063.360107 -0.72% 12/31/2015 3.8232 -2.34% 2043.939941 -0.94% 1/4/2016 3.96954 3.83% 2012.660034 -1.53% 1/5/2016 3.94211 -0.69% 2016.709961 0.20% 1/6/2016 3.86893 -1.86% 1990.26001 -1.31% 1/7/2016 3.81406 -1.42% 1943.089966 -2.37% 1/8/2016 3.80491 -0.24% 1922.030029 -1.08% 1/11/2016 3.85979 1.44% 1923.670044 0.09% 1/12/2016 3.81406 -1.18% 1938.680054 0.78% 1/13/2016 3.99698 4.80% 1890.280029 -2.50% 1/14/2016 3.8232 -4.35% 1921.839966 1.67% 1/15/2016 3.86893 1.20% 1880.329956 -2.16% 1/19/2016 3.92381 1.42% 1881.329956 0.05% 1/20/2016 3.92381 0.00% 1859.329956 -1.17% 1/21/2016 3.96954 1.17% 1868.98999 0.52% 1/22/2016 3.99698 0.69% 1906.900024 2.03% 1/25/2016 4.03357 0.92% 1877.079956 -1.56% 1/26/2016 4.03357 0.00% 1903.630005 1.41% 1/27/2016 3.98784 -1.13% 1882.949951 -1.09% 1/28/2016 3.97869 -0.23% 1893.359985 0.55% 1/29/2016 4.06101 2.07% 1940.23999 2.48% 2/1/2016 4.11589 1.35% 1939.380005 -0.04% 2/2/2016 4.00613 -2.67% 1903.030029 -1.87% 2/3/2016 3.85979 -3.65% 1912.530029 0.50% 2/4/2016 3.93296 1.90% 1915.449951 0.15% 2/5/2016 3.92381 -0.23% 1880.050049 -1.85% 2/8/2016 3.9604 0.93% 1853.439941 -1.42% 2/9/2016 3.99698 0.92% 1852.209961 -0.07% 2/10/2016 3.99698 0.00% 1851.859985 -0.02% 2/11/2016 4.02442 0.69% 1829.079956 -1.23% 2/12/2016 3.99698 -0.68% 1864.780029 1.95% 2/16/2016 4.05186 1.37% 1895.579956 1.65% 2/17/2016 4.10674 1.35% 1926.819946 1.65% 2/18/2016 4.28052 4.23% 1917.829956 -0.47% 2/19/2016 4.24394 -0.85% 1917.780029 0.00% 2/22/2016 4.28052 0.86% 1945.5 1.45% 2/23/2016 4.2165 -1.50% 1921.27002 -1.25% 2/24/2016 4.17077 -1.08% 1929.800049 0.44% 2/25/2016 4.2165 1.10% 1951.699951 1.13% 2/26/2016 4.14333 -1.74% 1948.050049 -0.19% 2/29/2016 4.37199 5.52% 1932.22998 -0.81% 3/1/2016 4.4543 1.88% 1978.349976 2.39% 3/2/2016 4.40857 -1.03% 1986.449951 0.41% 3/3/2016 4.43601 0.62% 1993.400024 0.35% 3/4/2016 4.39028 -1.03% 1999.98999 0.33% 3/7/2016 4.31711 -1.67% 2001.76001 0.09% 3/8/2016 4.31711 0.00% 1979.26001 -1.12% 3/9/2016 4.34455 0.64% 1989.26001 0.51% 3/10/2016 4.34455 0.00% 1989.569946 0.02% 3/11/2016 4.34455 0.00% 2022.189941 1.64% 3/14/2016 4.32625 -0.42% 2019.640015 -0.13% 3/15/2016 4.27138 -1.27% 2015.930054 -0.18% 3/16/2016 4.23479 -0.86% 2027.219971 0.56% 3/17/2016 4.28967 1.30% 2040.589966 0.66% 3/18/2016 4.27138 -0.43% 2049.580078 0.44% 3/21/2016 4.24394 -0.64% 2051.600098 0.10% 3/22/2016 4.28967 1.08% 2049.800049 -0.09% 3/23/2016 4.28967 0.00% 2036.709961 -0.64% 3/24/2016 4.28967 0.00% 2035.939941 -0.04% 3/28/2016 4.28967 0.00% 2037.050049 0.05% 3/29/2016 4.24394 -1.07% 2055.01001 0.88% 3/30/2016 4.30796 1.51% 2063.949951 0.44% 3/31/2016 4.29882 -0.21% 2059.73999 -0.20% 4/1/2016 4.16162 -3.19% 2072.780029 0.63% 4/4/2016 4.2165 1.32% 2066.129883 -0.32% 4/5/2016 4.13418 -1.95% 2045.170044 -1.01% 4/6/2016 4.18906 1.33% 2066.659912 1.05% 4/7/2016 4.18497 -0.10% 2041.910034 -1.20% 4/8/2016 4.15637 -0.68% 2047.599976 0.28% 4/11/2016 4.10871 -1.15% 2041.98999 -0.27% 4/12/2016 4.16591 1.39% 2061.719971 0.97% 4/13/2016 4.12777 -0.92% 2082.419922 1.00% 4/14/2016 4.15637 0.69% 2082.780029 0.02% 4/15/2016 4.24217 2.06% 2080.72998 -0.10% 4/18/2016 4.20404 -0.90% 2094.340088 0.65% 4/19/2016 4.14684 -1.36% 2100.800049 0.31% 4/20/2016 4.11824 -0.69% 2102.399902 0.08% 4/21/2016 4.08011 -0.93% 2091.47998 -0.52% 4/22/2016 4.08011 0.00% 2091.580078 0.00% 4/25/2016 4.08011 0.00% 2087.790039 -0.18% 4/26/2016 4.09918 0.47% 2091.699951 0.19% 4/27/2016 4.15637 1.40% 2095.149902 0.16% 4/28/2016 4.2517 2.29% 2075.810059 -0.92% 4/29/2016 4.27077 0.45% 2065.300049 -0.51% 5/2/2016 4.28984 0.45% 2081.429932 0.78% 5/3/2016 4.44236 3.56% 2063.370117 -0.87% 5/4/2016 4.50909 1.50% 2051.120117 -0.59% 5/5/2016 4.48049 -0.63% 2050.629883 -0.02% 5/6/2016 4.51863 0.85% 2057.139893 0.32% 5/9/2016 4.51863 0.00% 2058.689941 0.08% 5/10/2016 4.48049 -0.84% 2084.389893 1.25% 5/11/2016 4.46143 -0.43% 2064.459961 -0.96% 5/12/2016 4.44236 -0.43% 2064.110107 -0.02% 5/13/2016 4.44236 0.00% 2046.609985 -0.85% 5/16/2016 4.49003 1.07% 2066.659912 0.98% 5/17/2016 4.47096 -0.42% 2047.209961 -0.94% 5/18/2016 4.3375 -2.99% 2047.630005 0.02% 5/19/2016 4.3661 0.66% 2040.040039 -0.37% 5/20/2016 4.44236 1.75% 2052.320068 0.60% 5/23/2016 4.3375 -2.36% 2048.040039 -0.21% 5/24/2016 4.32797 -0.22% 2076.060059 1.37% 5/25/2016 4.38516 1.32% 2090.540039 0.70% 5/26/2016 4.3375 -1.09% 2090.100098 -0.02% 5/27/2016 4.3089 -0.66% 2099.060059 0.43% 5/31/2016 4.34703 0.88% 2096.949951 -0.10% 6/1/2016 4.3089 -0.88% 2099.330078 0.11% 6/2/2016 4.21357 -2.21% 2105.26001 0.28% 6/3/2016 4.21357 0.00% 2099.129883 -0.29% 6/6/2016 4.20404 -0.23% 2109.409912 0.49% 6/7/2016 4.23264 0.68% 2112.129883 0.13% 6/8/2016 4.2803 1.13% 2119.120117 0.33% 6/9/2016 4.34703 1.56% 2115.47998 -0.17% 6/10/2016 4.34703 0.00% 2096.070068 -0.92% 6/13/2016 4.34703 0.00% 2079.060059 -0.81% 6/14/2016 4.3089 -0.88% 2075.320068 -0.18% 6/15/2016 4.28984 -0.44% 2071.5 -0.18% 6/16/2016 4.32797 0.89% 2077.98999 0.31% 6/17/2016 4.3375 0.22% 2071.219971 -0.33% 6/20/2016 4.34703 0.22% 2083.25 0.58% 6/21/2016 4.41376 1.54% 2088.899902 0.27% 6/22/2016 4.38516 -0.65% 2085.449951 -0.17% 6/23/2016 4.3947 0.22% 2113.320068 1.34% 6/24/2016 4.2517 -3.25% 2037.410034 -3.59% 6/27/2016 4.2803 0.67% 2000.540039 -1.81% 6/28/2016 4.14684 -3.12% 2036.089966 1.78% 6/29/2016 4.2517 2.53% 2070.77002 1.70% 6/30/2016 4.3947 3.36% 2098.860107 1.36% 7/1/2016 4.3375 -1.30% 2102.949951 0.19% 7/5/2016 4.18497 -3.52% 2088.550049 -0.68% 7/6/2016 4.12777 -1.37% 2099.72998 0.54% 7/7/2016 4.13731 0.23% 2097.899902 -0.09% 7/8/2016 4.15637 0.46% 2129.899902 1.53% 7/11/2016 4.2231 1.61% 2137.159912 0.34% 7/12/2016 4.20404 -0.45% 2152.139893 0.70% 7/13/2016 4.15637 -1.13% 2152.429932 0.01% 7/14/2016 4.21357 1.38% 2163.75 0.53% 7/15/2016 4.20404 -0.23% 2161.73999 -0.09% 7/18/2016 4.21357 0.23% 2166.889893 0.24% 7/19/2016 4.2231 0.23% 2163.780029 -0.14% 7/20/2016 4.29937 1.81% 2173.02002 0.43% 7/21/2016 4.40423 2.44% 2165.169922 -0.36% 7/22/2016 4.35657 -1.08% 2175.030029 0.46% 7/25/2016 4.41376 1.31% 2168.47998 -0.30% 7/26/2016 4.46143 1.08% 2169.179932 0.03% 7/27/2016 4.47096 0.21% 2166.580078 -0.12% 7/28/2016 4.52816 1.28% 2170.060059 0.16% 7/29/2016 4.61396 1.89% 2173.600098 0.16% 8/1/2016 4.59489 -0.41% 2170.840088 -0.13% 8/2/2016 4.58536 -0.21% 2157.030029 -0.64% 8/3/2016 4.48049 -2.29% 2163.790039 0.31% 8/4/2016 4.43283 -1.06% 2164.25 0.02% 8/5/2016 4.49003 1.29% 2182.870117 0.86% 8/8/2016 4.59489 2.34% 2180.889893 -0.09% 8/9/2016 4.61396 0.42% 2181.73999 0.04% 8/10/2016 4.65209 0.83% 2175.48999 -0.29% 8/11/2016 4.78555 2.87% 2185.790039 0.47% 8/12/2016 4.91901 2.79% 2184.050049 -0.08% 8/15/2016 5.03341 2.33% 2190.149902 0.28% 8/16/2016 4.93808 -1.89% 2178.149902 -0.55% 8/17/2016 4.95714 0.39% 2182.219971 0.19% 8/18/2016 4.93808 -0.38% 2187.02002 0.22% 8/19/2016 4.89995 -0.77% 2183.870117 -0.14% 8/22/2016 4.93808 0.78% 2182.639893 -0.06% 8/23/2016 4.98574 0.97% 2186.899902 0.20% 8/24/2016 4.97621 -0.19% 2175.439941 -0.52% 8/25/2016 5.0906 2.30% 2172.469971 -0.14% 8/26/2016 5.05247 -0.75% 2169.040039 -0.16% 8/29/2016 5.08107 0.57% 2180.379883 0.52% 8/30/2016 4.99527 -1.69% 2176.120117 -0.20% 8/31/2016 5.12874 2.67% 2170.949951 -0.24% 9/1/2016 5.08107 -0.93% 2170.860107 0.00% 9/2/2016 5.06201 -0.38% 2179.97998 0.42% 9/6/2016 5.08107 0.38% 2186.47998 0.30% 9/7/2016 5.05247 -0.56% 2186.159912 -0.01% 9/8/2016 4.96668 -1.70% 2181.300049 -0.22% 9/9/2016 4.96668 0.00% 2127.810059 -2.45% 9/12/2016 4.81415 -3.07% 2159.040039 1.47% 9/13/2016 4.80462 -0.20% 2127.02002 -1.48% 9/14/2016 4.86181 1.19% 2125.77002 -0.06% 9/15/2016 4.88088 0.39% 2147.26001 1.01% 9/16/2016 4.95714 1.56% 2139.159912 -0.38% 9/19/2016 4.87135 -1.73% 2139.120117 0.00% 9/20/2016 4.87135 0.00% 2139.76001 0.03% 9/21/2016 4.90948 0.78% 2163.120117 1.09% 9/22/2016 4.94761 0.78% 2177.179932 0.65% 9/23/2016 4.94761 0.00% 2164.689941 -0.57% 9/26/2016 4.93808 -0.19% 2146.100098 -0.86% 9/27/2016 4.95714 0.39% 2159.929932 0.64% 9/28/2016 4.94761 -0.19% 2171.370117 0.53% 9/29/2016 4.98574 0.77% 2151.129883 -0.93% 9/30/2016 4.95714 -0.57% 2168.27002 0.80% 10/3/2016 5.06201 2.12% 2161.199951 -0.33% 10/4/2016 4.97621 -1.69% 2150.48999 -0.50% 10/5/2016 4.95714 -0.38% 2159.72998 0.43% Beta 0.07178 The yield rate on the debt of government is amounted to be 4.50% (Edwards 2013). The equity cost of the organization Harvey Norman has been calculated by using the method CAPM in the table below: Market Return Rate 7.84% Risk Free Rate of Return 4.50% Risk Premium 3.32% Beta 0.0717797 Expected Rate of Return 4.74% The weighted average cost of debt for the firm Harvey Norman has been calculated by using both the market and book value in the table below: Calculation for Cost of Debt:- Book Value Market Value Book Value Market Value Type of Debts Cost of Debts Cost of Debts Amount Weight Weighted Rate Weighted Rate Borrowings 5.93% 6.35% 561808 81.59% 4.84% 5.18% Other Loans 4.22% 5.47% 89928 13.06% 0.55% 0.71% Bank Overdraft 6.68% 7.17% 32620 4.74% 0.32% 0.34% Financial Lease 9.50% 5.19% 139 0.02% 0.002% 0.001% Other Financial Liabilities 5.54% 5.19% 4061 0.59% 0.033% 0.031% Total 688556 100% 5.74% 6.27% The weighted average cost of debt is considered as a different factor, especially, when the rate of interest is used according to the market and book value (Gitman and Zutter 2012). The rates of the book value of the firm have been used but this would not be able to prepare any true claim regarding the monetary outstanding. On the other hand, as per Asx.com.au (2016) the market value organizes the accurate financial claim. The market value that is used for calculating weighted average cost of capital is equivalent to 4.51 % (Hribar, Kravet and Wilson 2014). Moreover, based on the book value, it can be said that the weighted average cost of capital is 4.27%. The particular calculations are as follows: Calculation of Weighted Cost of Capital:- Book Value Market Value Book Value Market Value Particulars Amount Cost Cost Weight Tax Rate Weighted Rate Weighted Rate Equity 380328 4.74% 4.74% 36% 30% 4.27% 4.51% Debt 688556 5.74% 6.27% 64% 30% Total 1068884 4.27% 4.51% When the cost of capital is deliberated by using the market value, the value that is determined out is considered as more pertinent. The particular value is more authentic as the present circumstance is to depict the data from this rate (Johnson and Noguera 2012). This might be of great use for both the shareholders and the investors of the particular organization, who are eager to make investment within the organization. The organization that generally uses the pure play approach for identifying the estimated cost of capital might come up with different issues (Mintz 2016). The particular reason behind this is that the definite investment that is made by the firm would not be able to scrutinize. The organization uses the estimated value of the beta by using the particular firm that can be contrasted to the provided organization by utilizing the pure play approach. The company return is studied by using this specified approach that would not be able to scrutinize the investment return. The firms beta cannot be calculated in a straight method. The true value of this investment might not be obtained from the particular pure play approach. The cause is that the substitute values are utilized for identifying the return from the investments and the situation might also be dissimilar especially when it is included within the real line of business (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). Thus, the true worth of th e particular investment that is made along with the return that is developed might not be replicated by using the true worth. References Anandarajan, M., Anandarajan, A. and Srinivasan, C.A. eds., 2012.Business intelligence techniques: a perspective from accounting and finance. Springer Science Business Media. Asx.com.au. 2016.Home - Australian Securities Exchange - ASX. [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/ [Accessed 25 Sep. 2016]. Au.finance.yahoo.com. 2016.HVN.AX Historical Prices | HARVEY FPO Stock - Yahoo!7 Finance. 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